ALBERT

Notes: In the North Apennines of Italy, Upper Jurassic bedded chert stratigraphically overlies ophiolitic rocks and is overlain by Lower to Middle Cretaceous pelagic limestone and shale, and Upper Cretaceous flysch. The bedded chert, best exposed in East Liguria and on Elba, is typically 30–80 m thick, but occasionally reaches 150–200 m thickness. It consists of two main alternating lithologïes: siliceous mudstone (SM) and radiolarite (R).Chert sections commonly show characteristic stratigraphic changes. Lower cherts display a striking rhythmic alternation of R and ferruginous SM beds. In middle cherts, SM beds are much less ferruginous and shalier intercalations are locally present. In upper cherts, R beds are less frequent and SM beds are essentially non-ferruginous.R beds are generally 1–4 cm thick, and consist of 80–90% quartz, 5–15% clays and usually 〈 1% hematite. They are commonly parallel-laminated, and rarely size-graded. In size-graded beds, large radiolaria are more abundant near the bed base (commonly together with ophiolitic or SM clasts) and small radiolaria more abundant near the bed top. Sorting is poor throughout most R beds. R beds are interpreted as turbidites (cf. Nisbet & Price, 1974). Model calculations suggest that typical settling velocities of radiolaria during redeposition are 〈 1 cm sec−1, which is low and of restricted range relative to the 1–10 cm sec−1 settling velocities of clastic grains of comparable size range. Radiolaria therefore should have only a limited tendency to grade and sort during deposition from a turbulent current.SM beds are commonly 1–7 cm thick, although much thicker ones occur near the base of sections, and consist mainly of 50–70% quartz, 15–35% clays and 0–15% hematite. Microscopic clay-silica aggregates and highly corroded remnants of radiolaria are common. SM beds are interpreted as mainly ambient pelagic sediment which accumulated slowly in topographic lows, and which was modified by near-surface dissolution of biogenic silica. In SM beds which contain two texturally different layers, the lower one is interpreted as the top of the underlying radiolarian turbidite.North Apennine cherts represent the first sediment deposited on oceanic crust formed during the opening of the North Apennine part of the Tethys. The ophiolitic basement had a rugged topography which favoured the redeposition of siliceous sediment. Hematite and local Mn enrichments in SM beds in the lower chert sections represent hydrothermal precipitates inferred to have originated at a spreading axis. During seafloor spreading, accumulation of siliceous sediments progressively reduced the topography. Deposition of ophiolitic detritus within the sediments phased out during early chert sedimentation, and the hydrothermal contribution during early-middle chert sedimentation. As local basins filled, during late chert sedimentation, radiolarian turbidites became less frequent.The first limestones at the top of chert sections are calcareous ooze turbidites derived from above the CCD and deposited slightly below it. Gradual descent of the CCD to ocean floor depths at the end of the Jurassic (Bosellini & Winterer, 1975) led to the replacement of siliceous by carbonate sedimentation.

Notes: Oxidation-reduction potentials (Eh) of canned foods ranged from -18 to -438 mV. Foods packed in glass had higher redox potentials than those packed in cans. Only 4 out of 26 products tested reached positive redox values after exposure to air for 24 hr at 4°C. Inoculated containers of mushrooms, whole corn, cream corn, asparagus, beef gravy, kidney beans, green beans, cream of mushroom soup, cheddar cheese soup, and lima beans supported toxin production by C. botulinum; potatoes and beets did not.

Notes: Copper was shown to accumulate in the gills, liver, kidney and plasma of sea water-adapted and freshwater-adapted Platichthys flesus exposed to elevated ambient concentrations of the metal. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of copper also caused deviations from control values, of the plasma ions sodium and chloride, indicative of impaired ion regulatory capacity.

Notes: Hatchery-raised coho salmon were marked with stable strontium prior to their release to sea. Returning marked spawners were correctly identified after 18 months at sea by measuring the Strontium (Sr) concentration of the central region of their scales and vertebrae.

Notes: Recently, Gill and Kunz (1979, 1980) reported an MHC-linked recessive mutation in the rat, grc, which causes reduced viability and male sterility. Using a mouse anti-tsemilethal antiserum and a rat anti-grc antiserum, we have obtained evidence that the grc haplotype codes for t-antigens.

Notes: The MHC restriction criteria for T cells activating macrophages in vivo and mediating antimicrobiol resistance to Listeria monocytogenes were determined. Antimicribiol resistance could be transferred by T cell in order of decreasing efficiency from syngeneic. RT1A. compatible, RTI.B compatible and RT1 incompatible donors. Alloreactive T cells responding to either A locus or B locus encoded antigens in a graft-versus-host reaction were also able to activate macrophages. Approximately five times as many MLC-reactive precursors responded to B locus alloantigens as to A locus alloantigens, but A-resticted Listeria-specific T cells wre considerably more numerous (or more efficient) in Listeriainfected hosts than were B-restricted, Listeria-specific T cells. This was unexpected, since A-restricted, Listeria-specific T cells failed to transfer delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) to soluble bacterial antigens.

Notes: This study nvestigates the dicordance between the restriction criteria required for the transfer of cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and those for the transfer of delayed type hypersensitivity to Listeria antigens. Infective bacteria elicity both RTl.A-restricted T cells and RT1.B.-restricted T cells. Both populations of t cells mediate lymphoblast localization and macrophage accumulation, which are reactions characteristic of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), and cause macrophage activation with rapid and efficient bacterial elimination, which is an expression of cellular resistance. If alcohol-killed Listeria organisms (pLMA) are injected, only the RTl.B-restricted T cell subset is triggered. Direct comparison of lymphoblast localization in LM infection sites and the expression of resistance of resistance revealed that efficient resistance may be mediated by small numbers of lymphoblasts and that below a certain threshold there is no correlation between lymphoblast localization and the level of resistance.

Notes: Among 290 F2 progeny of an r10 x ACP cross were two recombinants which allowed the loci for glyoxalase-1 and neuraminidase-1 to be mapped relative to the RT1.A and dw-3 loci in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. In 673 progeny of the same cross there was a recombinant between ft and dw-3, and in 403 progeny of the backcross BY1 x (BY1 x BDIX)F1 there was another recombinant between ft and dw-3. These data, combined with those from previous studies, provide the information for constructing a detailed map of the rat major histocompatibility complex: the gene order and size in the rat are very similar to those in the mouse and different from those in man and in the other species that have been studied. Comparison of the structures of the MHC in the various species leads to a hypothesis about the evolution of the MHC which involves sequential duplications of the genes coding for class I and class II loci and an inversion in the prototypic muridae which placed the class II loci between the class I loci.

Notes: Polymorphism of serum acid phosphatase was detected by electrofocusing in acrylamide gel. The locus has two alleles Apsa and Apsb that segregated in the backcross progeny (A x B) Fl x B in a 1:1 ratio. The phenotype APS-A is dominant in the F1 generation. The gene for serum acid phosphatase segregated independently of the major histocompatibility complex and of the sex of the rats.

Notes: Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a salt-sensitive crop species which is relatively ineffective in controlling the influx of sodium and chloride ions to the shoot. Nonetheless, there is considerable varietal and individual variability in salinity resistance, much of which must derive, therefore, from differences in the fates and subsequent effects of saline ions after they have entered the plant. The destination of sodium ions within the plant has been investigated, in saline conditions, by examining the time-course of sodium ion concentrations in different leaves of four varieties and breeding lines of rice of differing salinity resistance. Radionuclide tracers were employed to study short term effects and the degree of retranslocation of these sodium ions. Sodium was not distributed uniformly but accumulated in the older leaves before the younger ones. At least some leaves were maintained at sub-lethal salt concentrations in at least the more salt resistant varieties. Radionuclide tracer studies showed that the discontinuous distribution of sodium (from leaf to leaf) is constitutive, and cannot be explained by time of exposure or differential leaf growth rates, and that significant quantities of sodium were not subsequently retranslocated, either within the plant or to the root medium.