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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (125)
  • 1980-1984  (125)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1981  (125)
  • 1
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    Radio science investigations of the Saturn system with Voyager 1 - Preliminary results (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analyses of Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements of the Saturn atmosphere near 75 deg south latitude and of the Titan equatorial atmosphere are presented. Molecular nitrogen appears to be the primary atmospheric constituent of Titan, whose clouds are probably methane ice. Solar abundance considerations of the data suggest large quantities of surface methane near its triple-point temperature, so that the three phases of methane could play a role on Titan analogous to that of water on earth. Ionospheric electron concentration and plasma scale height for the Saturn polar cap and monochromatic attenuation of the Saturn rings are also considered, along with radio tracking figures for the masses of two moons, Rhea and Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 10
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  • 2
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    The atmosphere of Jupiter - An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Coherently related S and X band signals of 2.3 and 8.4 GHz, respectively, which were transmitted from Voyagers 1 and 2 were used to probe the Jovian atmosphere. Height profiles of the gas refractivity, molecular number density, pressure, temperature, and microwave absorption in the troposphere and stratosphere were observed at latitudes ranging from 0 to 70 deg S. At 1000 mbar, the temperature was + or - 5 K and the lapse rate was equal to the adiabatic value of 2.1 K/km within the resolution of the measurements. The ammonia abundance in this region was 0.022 + or - 0.008%, which is in good agreement with values derived from cosmic abundance considerations. The tropopause at the 140 mbar level had a temperature of 110 K, which increased with increasing altitude, reaching 160 + or - 20 K in the 10 to 1 mbar region. Significant horizontal density variations were detected in the stratosphere, which implies a nonuniform temperature and aerosol distribution across the Jovian disk or across high- and low-pressure regions due to local atmospheric dynamics.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 3
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    Scientific results from the Pioneer Saturn infrared radiometer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data on Saturn and its rings are presented, obtained by the Pioneer 11 infrared radiometer in broadband channels, centered at 20 and 45 microns. Assuming symmetry about the equator and a constant flux poleward of 7.5 deg latitude, an average effective temperature of 96.5 + or - 2.5 K indicates a total emission which is 2.8 times that of the absorbed sunlight. Temperatures at the 1 bar level are 137 and 140 K, and a minimum temperature averaging 87 K is registered near the 0.06 bar level. Ring boundaries and optical depths are consistent with those at optical wavelengths. Ring temperatures are 54-86 K on the south side, approximately 54 K on the north side, and at least 67 K in Saturn's shadow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 4
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    The albedo and diameter of 1862 Apollo (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Infrared thermal emission measurements are reported of 1862 Apollo, which is the type example of an earth-crossing asteroid. A geometric albedo of 0.21 plus or minus 0.02 is derived which is within the albedo range of the S class of asteroids. The effective diameter was observed to vary with rotation from 1.2 plus or minus 0.1 to 1.5 plus or minus 0.1 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 48; Nov. 198
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  • 5
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    A search for the radio occultation flash at Jupiter (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A focusing effect, the evolute flash, on Jupiter was sought in radio data obtained by Voyager 1 using a modified matched-filter technique. Several peaks at the 8 standard deviation level were present in the filter output, although they were separated by times up to 3.3 s and could not be identified as the flash. A lower bound on the absorption along a ray with periapsis near the 4 bar level was established at 25 dB. It is estimated that the flash would have been detected if the distance behind the planet where the spacecraft trajectory crossed the evolute were at least 20 Jupiter radii, as compared to near 7 radii in the experiment.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 6
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    Dispersive Doppler measurement of the electron content of the torus of Io (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: As Voyager 1 made its swing-by of Io, it passed through and behind the satellite's plasma torus. The phase paths of the coherent 13 cm and 3.6-cm wavelength signals transmitted from the spacecraft were shortened differentially by the plasma, resulting in the observation of a dispersive Doppler signature in the signals received at the NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (deep space network) stations. Ray path integration through three different models of the electron distribution of the torus of Io (Warwick et al. 1979; Birmingham et al. 1981; Bagenal et al., 1981) have been performed. The results of the integrations are compared with the dispersive Doppler data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 7
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    Spectra of the Jovian ring and Amalthea (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements made between 0.887 and 2.4 microns demonstrate that the Jovian ring and Amalthea have similar reflection spectra. The spectra, in particular the ratio of the 0.9- to 2.2-micron reflectivities, are inconsistent with those expected from water, ammonia, or methane frosts, but are consistent with reflection from large rock bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Apr. 198
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  • 8
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    Interaction of eddies and mean zonal flow on Jupiter as inferred from Voyager 1 and 2 images (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Voyagers 1 and 2 narrow angle frames are used to obtain displacements of features at resolutions of 130 km over time intervals of 1 Jovian rotation. It is shown that the mean zonal velocity profile does not change by a measurable amount between Voyagers 1 and 2, which is consistent with previous observations. It is also shown that the curvature of the velocity profile vanes varies with latitudes in the range from -3 beta to +2 beta. The barotropic stability criterion is violated at 10 latitudes between + and - 60 deg, and the rate of conversion of eddy kinetic energy into zonal mean kinetic energy is in the range from 1.5 to 3.0 per sq Wm for a layer 2.5 bar deep. The rate of energy conversion is more than 10% of the total infrared heat flux for Jupiter, as compared to the earth where it is only 0.1% of the infrared, which suggests that the two planets possess fundamentally different thermomechanical energy cycles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 9
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    Chondrules in H3 chondrites - Textures, compositions and origins (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Compositional and textural variations among chondrules in unequilibrated (type 3) H-group chondrites are examined in order to determine possible relations between chondrule compositions and textures. Bulk compositions of polished thin sections of 90 individual chondrules and 16 compound chondrule sets from the Sharps, Tieschitz and Bremervorde chondrites were measured by broad-beam electron probe analyses; the chondrules were also classified petrographically as barred olivine, porphyritic olivine, porphyritic pyroxene, barred pyroxene, radiating pyroxene or fine-grained. The mean compositions of each type are found to be distinct as verified by discriminant analysis, despite a large scatter, with the olivine-rich chondrules characterized by low SiO2 and high FeO and MgO contents, greater concentrations of TiO2, Al2O3, Na2O and K2O, and lower Cr2O3 and MnO relative to pyroxene-rich chondrules. Data suggest that composition, together with cooling rate, has played a conspicuous role in producing observed chrondrule textures, and are consistent with chondrule formation from mixtures of differing fractions of high-, intermediate- and low-temperature nebular condensates that underwent melting in space.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 45; May 1981
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  • 10
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    The Correo and Suwanee Spring meteorites - Two new ordinary chondrite finds (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two new ordinary chondrites were found about 40 km west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Correo is an H4 chondrite with distinct chondrules and major olivine (Fo 81.4), orthopyroxene (En 82.3) and plagioclase (An 12). Suwanee Spring is an L5 chondrite with few distinct chondrules and a highly recrystallized matrix. Major minerals are olivine (Fo 75.4), orthopyroxene (En 77.7) and plagioclase (An 9). The metallic Ni-Fe phases of both meteorites are typical of slowly cooled ordinary chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 16; Mar. 31
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