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  • Other Sources  (80)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (80)
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1980-1984  (80)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1981  (80)
  • 11
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    Winter and summer simulations with the GLAS climate model (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The GLAS climate model is a general circulation model based on the primitive equations in sigma coordinates on a global domain in the presence of orography. The model incorporates parameterizations of the effects of radiation, convection, large scale latent heat release, turbulent and boundary layer fluxes, and ground hydrology. Winter and summer simulations were carried out with this model, and the resulting data are compared to observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-83866
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
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    Detection of severe thunderstorms using short interval geosynchronous satellite data (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The potential and limitations of using short interval (3-7 minutes) geosynchronous, infrared data to ascertain thunderstorm intensity, and therefore indirectly detect severe thunderstorms are discussed. Thunderstorms on four case study days were analyzed over selected areas and time periods using SMS/GOES data, and derived satellite based intensity parameters were compared to severe weather reports. Young, growing thunderstorms are intensity rated using the rate of decrease of the satellite observed cloud top minimum equivalent blackbody temperature. Since most storms cannot be observed until they penetrate through the cirrus overcast produced by previous convection, minimum cloud temperature and rate of blackbody temperature isotherm expansion are then used as intensity indicators. Results are presented and problems and limitations of the techniques and the data are examined. In addition, an analysis of cloud top height variations (as viewed by the satellite) in relation to tornado touchdown times and, in a few cases, to mesocyclone formation times is also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol.; p 341-346|Oct 02, 1979 - Oct 05, 1979; Kansas City, MO; United States
    Format: text
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  • 13
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    Cloud-encounter and particle-concentration variabilities from GASP data (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Summary statistics, tabulations, and variability studies are presented for cloud encounter and particle concentration data taken as part of the NASA global atmospheric sampling program. Cloud encounter was experienced in about 15 percent of the data samples; however, the percentage varies with season, latitude, and altitude (particularly distance from the tropopause). In agreement with classical storm models, the data show more clouds in the upper troposphere in anticyclones than in cyclones. The concentration of particles with a diameter greater than 3 micron also varies with time and location, depending primarily on the horizontal extent of cloudiness. Some examples of the application of the statistical data to the estimation of the frequency of cloud encounter and laminar flow loss to be expected on long range airline routes are also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1886 , L-14483
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
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    Cloud encounter and particle density variabilities from GASP data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Summary statistics and variability studies are presented for cloud encounter and particle number density data as part of the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) aboard commercial Boeing 747 airliners. On the average, cloud encounter is shown on about 15% of the 52,164 data samples available; this value varies with season, latitude, synoptic weather situation, and distance from the tropopause. The number density of particles (diameter greater than 3 microns) also varies with time and location, and depends on the horizontal extent of cloudiness.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 81-0308 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 12, 1981 - Jan 15, 1981; St. Louis, MO
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  • 15
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    Preliminary results of the study of lightning location relative to storm structure and dynamics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lightning is being studied relative to storm structure using a VHF space-time discharge mapping system, radar, a cloud-to-ground flash locator, acoustic reconstruction of thunder, and other instrumentation. The horizontal discharge processes within the cloud generally propagate at speeds of 10,000-100,000 m/s. Horizontal extents of lightning were found up to 90 km. In an analysis of a limited number of flashes, lightning occurred in or near regions of high cyclonic shear. Positive cloud-to-ground flashes have been observed emanating from several identifiable regions of severe storms. Lightning echoes observed with 10-cm radar generally are 10-25 dB greater than the largest precipitation echo in the storm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 81-0080 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 12, 1981 - Jan 15, 1981; St. Louis, MO
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  • 16
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    The 1977 tundra fire at Kokolik River, Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 660-670
    Format: text
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  • 17
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    Computations of transmittance and radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wing-scaling approximation/k-distribution method, previously developed for computing solar heating rates (Chou and Arking, 1981) was applied to the computation of the transmittance and outgoing radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels. Functions necessary for the transmittance and radiance computations were computed from molecular line parameters using line-by-line methods. The method was applied to the three HIRS/2 water vapor sounding channels on the TIROS-N satellite, and its accuracy was tested using 11 widely separated atmospheres which ranged from hot-wet tropical atmospheres to cold-dry subarctic atmospheres. Compared to line-by-line calculations, maximum errors were shown to be less than 0.017 in transmittance and 0.4 K in brightness temperature for all cases. The rms errors are less than 0.009 in transmittance and 0.2 K in brightness temperature, the brightness temperature rms error being much smaller than the instrument noise.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
    Format: text
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  • 18
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    The outlook for precipitation measurements from space (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The outlook for providing precipitation measurements of useful accuracy and or precision from space is discussed. Visible and infrared techniques, microwave radiometers, spaceborne radar, and altimeters are discussed. Key obstacles are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
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  • 19
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    Adaptively pointing spaceborne radar for precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An auxiliary concept of adaptive pointing applicable to meteorological radar is discussed. This control technique would resolve the conflicts among speed of scan or scan width, resolution, and dwell time per resolution element. At T1(orbital position) a passive infrared radiometer imager scans a swath ahead of the spacecraft; an appropriate algorithm indicates which clouds are probably producing precipitation. These locations are then used by the on-board antenna controller to program the antenna scan so that the radar samples clouds A and B at times T2 and T3 respectively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
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  • 20
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    Inference of precipitation through thermal infrared measurements of soil moisture (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physics of microwave radiative transfer is well understood so that causal models can be assembled which relate the observed brightness temperatures to assumed distributions of hydrometeors (both liquid and ice), non-precipitating clouds, water vapor oxygen, and surface conditions. Present models assume a Marshall Palmer size distribution of liquid hydrometers from the surface to the freezing level (near the 0 C isotherm) and a variable thickness of frozen hydrometeors above that with various reasonable distribution of the other relevant constituents. The validity of such models is discussed. All uncertainties in the rain rate retrieval algorithms can be expressed in terms of specific model uncertainties which can be addressed through appropriate measurements. Those factors which must be known to achieve umambiguous results can be identified so that rainfall measuring algorithms can be developed and improved. The emissivity of the underlying surface significantly affects the contrast that may be measured between areas covered by rain and those which are dry. Sensing strategies for measuring rain over the ocean and rain over land are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 6 p
    Format: text
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