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  • Articles  (168)
  • Springer  (168)
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (168)
  • 1980  (168)
  • Geosciences  (168)
Collection
  • Articles  (168)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (168)
Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1015-1032 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Eddy diffusion coefficients ; Atmosphere 30–60 km
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of numerical models or of new observational programs are checked by comparing them with past observations. Also, it is desirable that the eddy diffusion coefficients used in two-dimensional models be derived from the same data set as the circulation statistics which the model outputs are checked against, so that all results refer to the same atmospheric conditions. For the first time, the three components of the eddy diffusion matrix, from 30–60 km, 80°N–10°S are computed, together with the means, variances and covariances of the wind and temperature through the same region using the same data set for 1960–76 and the same handling and analysis methods for all variables. Horizontal diffusivities,K yy , are obtained from the variance and integral time scale of the meridional wind speed. The present values are generally smaller than past estimates, presumably because temporal variations longer than a month have been removed in this work. Estimates ofK yz are based on the tentative assumption that the diffusivity is proportional to the slope of isentropic surfaces, and estimates ofK zz are based on the assumption that small-scale gravity waves are primarily responsible for vertical mixing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 3 (1980), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Bunker Hill Mine in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene mining district produces approximately 10 m3/minute of acid water containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Field and laboratory studies indicate that much of the acid water is produced in a single ore body in the upper part of the mine. The ore of this body contains mainly sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a siderite-quartz gangue. Ground water recharges this ore body through a near-vertical zone of high permeability, which is the result of mining by the caving technique. Ore samples from the caving area contained oxidized forms of iron and produced acid in a laboratory leaching test. Leaching experiments with several ore samples from the mine also indicated that the ratio of pyrite to calcite in the samples strongly controlled the resultant pH values. Oxidation of pyrite to sulfuric acid and compounds of iron is apparently responsible for the production of acid water in the mine. In contrast, dissolution of calcite in water results in a basic solution, with pH around 8.3, that can neutralize the acid produced by the oxidation process. Methods for prevention of acid mine drainage in this and other similar mines are noted.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1980-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0943-0105
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0495
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1980-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 5 (1980), S. 245-253 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystal synthesis, X-ray powder diffraction data, and electron microprobe data are given for some Na rare earth silicates of the types NaMSiO4, Na3MSi2O7, Na3MSi3O9, and Na5MSi4O12. NaYSiO4 is orthorhombic with SG Pbn21, a=5.132, b=11.156, anc c=6.405 Å. NaGdSiO4 is tetragonal with SG I4 or I $$\bar 4$$ with a=11.743 and c=5.444 Å. A second form of NaGdSiO4 is orthorhombic with SG P21 nb or Pmmb, a=9.179, b=27.29, and c=5.472 Å. Na3YSi2O7 is hexagonal with a=9.416 and c=13.776 Å. Na3YSi3O9 is orthorhombic with a=15.215, b=15.126, and c=15.036 Å. Na ion conductivities of Na3YSi2O7 and Na3YSi3O9 at 300° C of 5×10−6 (Θ-cm)−1 and 6×10−6 (Θ-cm)−1, respectively, are substantially less than that for Na6YSi4O12, 1×10−1 (Θ-cm)−1.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of geothermometry and geobarometry applicable to garnet lherzolite are reviewed with reference to recent experimental studies of the equilibration of natural garnet lherzolite and it is concluded that the Wells and Mori-Green formulations of the two pyroxene solvus provide the most reasonable temperature estimates. Pressures are best estimated by using these temperatures with Wood's formulation of the orthopyroxene-garnet geobarometer without chromium corrections. Pipe 200 garnet lherzolites are considered to have equilibrated at 907°–950° C at 30.0–34.5 kb. It is shown that the transport times of xenoliths from the mantle are sufficiently long (0.5–24 h) to allow thermal equilibration with kimberlite but are too short to allow chemical re-equilibration to occur. Xenolith suites therefore retain information regarding the pressure/temperature history of the upper mantle despite being heated to the temperature of the kimberlite magma during transport. The Pipe 200 xenolith suite indicates that the upper mantle beneath Lesotho has been perturbed to temperatures slightly above those defined by steady state geotherms. The Pipe 200 suite is derived from a narrow depth range (90–110 km) and derivation of chromite and garnet lherzolites from similar depths implies that the mantle is heterogeneous over short vertical distances. No simple stratigraphy, in which chromite lherzolites overlie garnet lherzolites is evident. Comparison with other suites of Lesotho garnet lherzolites shows that it is not possible to construct an upper mantle stratigraphy except in the most general terms because of the prevailing lateral and vertical heterogeneity and apparent limited depth range represented by the xenolith suites.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 15 (1980), S. 116-116 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR) with Jeener's pulsed sequence on proton and fluorine frequencies was used to investigate the electric quadrupole interactions of (i) 23Na in Na2Cd(SO4)2·2H2O, B 2 0 =±218.5±1 kHz, B 2 2 =±98±5 kHz, (ii) of 23Na, which enter the crystal, CaF2: Na+ (0.07 wt. %) B 2 0 =±85.7±0.5 kHz, trigonal position, and (iii) 23Na which are near the foreign atom in NaF:Ca2+ (0.02 wt.%) B 2 0 =±86.7±0.5 kHz, tetragonal position. Some details of DNMR experiments are analyzed. The conditions for maximum transfer of a Zeeman energy to a dipole-dipole reservoir are described for multispin systems and some crystal hydrates. The angular dependence of the Hamiltonian containing the spherical tensor operators of second rank was obtained for all possible orientations of a local coordinate system relative to a laboratory system.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 15 (1980), S. 406-408 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 33 (1980), S. 135-151 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Messungen der Restgezeitenströme in der Nähe einer großen Sandbank deuten auf die Wirkung sekundärer Zirkulationen hin, die die Beständigkeit solcher Merkmale in der Meeresumwelt erklären könnte. Ein starkes Drehen in der mittleren Zirkulation wird beobachtet. Dies hängt mit der Konvergenz und Divergenz der Strömung in einem Wirbel über der Sandbank zusammen. Dieser Wirbel wird aufrechterhalten durch die Vorticity, die in der küstennahen Grenzschicht erzeugt wird als Resultat der Krümmung des Gezeitenstroms und horizontaler Scherungen in unmittelbarer Nähe einer Landzunge. Eine systematische Richtungsdrehung des Gezeitenstroms deutet darauf hin, daß in der Bucht, die an der Landzunge angrenzt, die Strömungskrümmung zu sekundären Strömungen führt, die etwa eine Größenordnung geringer sind als die primären Gezeitenströme. Die Richtungen der Sedimentverlagerungen sind aus den gemessenen Strömungen dicht über dem Meeresboden berechnet worden. Es wird gezeigt, daß infolge der stark nicht-linearen Natur der Sediment-Transportprozesse die Richtungen der Sedimentverfrachtung erheblich von den Richtungen der mittleren Strömungen abweichen können. Im allgemeinen jedoch sorgt die Gesamtströmung für den Sedimenttransport zur Sandbank.
    Abstract: Résumé Des mesures de courants de marée résiduels à proximité d'un grand banc de sable signalent des effets de circulation secondaires susceptibles d'expliquer la permanence de tels traits en environnement maritime. L'observation indique une rotation importante de la circulation moyenne et on montre que ceci est associé avec des effets de convergence et de divergence du courant dans un grand tourbillon centré sur le banc de sable. Ce tourbillon est maintenu par mouvement giratoire engendré dans la couche limite côtière par une incurvation du courant de marée et une coupure horizontale à proximité d'un cap. La rotation systematique des courants de marée indique que dans la baie adjacente du cap l'incurvation du courant induit des courants secondaires d'environ un ordre de grandeur moindre que les courants de marée primaires. Les directions de déplacement des sédiments résiduels ont été calculées à partir des courants mesurés près du fond et on montre que du fait de la nature extrêmement non-linéaire des processus de transport de sédiments, ceux-ci peuvent avoir lieu dans des directions très différentes de celles des mouvements d'eau résiduels. Cependant, les mouvements d'ensemble causent en général un transport de sédiment vers le banc.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the residual tidal currents in the vicinity of a large sand bank indicate secondary circulation effects which might explain the permanence of such features in the marine environment. Strong veering in the mean circulation is observed and this is shown to be associated with flow convergence and divergence effects in a large eddy centred on the sand bank. This eddy is maintained by vorticity generated in the coastal boundary layer as a result of tidal stream curvature and horizontal shear in the vicinity of a headland. Systematic veering in tidal current directions indicates that in the bay adjacent to the headland, flow curvature leads to secondary currents which are about an order of magnitude lower than the primary tidal flows. The directions of residual sediment movement have been calculated from measured near-bottom currents and it is shown that due to the highly non-linear nature of sediment transport processes these can be in markedly different directions to those of the residual water movements. However, the overall movements are, in general, such as to transport sediment towards the bank.
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