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  • Springer  (37)
  • American Geophysical Union  (5)
  • 1980-1984  (42)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1982  (22)
  • 1980  (20)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 477-489 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the binding of ligand to receptors that are macromolecules, either free or components of biomembranes, often show deviation from what is expected of a simple reaction described by an association and a dissociation rate constant. A more versatile model and more discriminating experiments are required for a satisfactory explanation. This paper is based on a general model of the binding reaction in which the rate constants and equilibrium constant are dependent upon occupancy of receptors. The analysis of the model leads to three kinds of experiments: (1) equilibrium measurements which permit quantitative determination of a dissociation equilibrium parameter as a function of receptor occupancy; (2) measurements prior to equilibrium which yield the same information; and (3) measurements prior to equilibrium which reveal quantitatively the dependence of both association and dissociation rate parameters separately, on occupancy.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 12 (1982), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Natural graphite flakes (80 wt%), with polypropylene (20 wt%) as a binder, constitute a practical and non-expensive graphite electrode of high crystallinity ‘CPP’. Galvanostatic cycling of these electrodes with current densities in the range 0.3–30 mA cm−2 (charging time 5–120 min) has been investigated in aqueous acids (12, 20 and 36 mol dm−3 HF, 6 and 12 mol dm−3 H2SO4, 4 mol dm−3 HClO4). The anion of the acid is anodically intercalated and cathodically de-intercalated. In spite of the high water concentrations, quantitative current efficiencies have been obtained. From variation of the rest times after charging, a corrosion current density of less than 0.03 mA cm−2 (j ch=3 mA cm−2) has been derived. The overvoltage during charge and discharge is typically about 0.1 V. The potential at the start of the charging process coincides with the intercalation potential defined previously. A strong electrode formation effect is observed upon cycling. The electrode is initially smooth and non-porous; it acquires a high surface roughness after a few cycles, which is then stable. The initial charging curves increase witht 1/2, while the charging curve after electrode formation is linear. Both clearly indicate a linear relationship between surface concentration of intercalated anions and potential. This agrees with our previous finding of linear dependence with respect to acid concentration in the solution.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diploid, triploid, and gynogenetic offspring resulted from hybridizing femaleCtenopharyngodon idella with maleAristichthys nobilis.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 24 (1980), S. 299-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 78 (1982), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe visual observations of a white light flare which displayed a pink color in a part of the flare which covered a sunspot umbra. We then show that visible pink tint, if attributable to strong Hα emission, requires a minimum equivalent emission line width of approximately 140 A, or three times larger than in any flare previously measured. Such extreme line broadening might be interpreted to result from flare penetration to unusually high chromospheric densities (≳ 1014 cm−3), or from anomalous Stark broadening due to turbulent electric fields in an unstable plasma (Spicer and Davis, 1975) at lower density.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 36 (1980), S. 1122-1124 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dextran, glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), alone or in combination, were used for cryoprotection of human bone marrow cells. The viability of cryopreserved cells was assessed by culture of myelopoiesis-committed stem cells (CFU-c) in vitro. A significantly better protection against freezing injury was obtained by 9% dextran in combination with 3 or 5% DMSO, and also with 5 or 10% DMSO alone, than with either 15% glycerol or 9% dextran with 1% DMSO.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 328-329 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four visible markers, including a newly isolated one, have been cytologically mapped on the second chromosome ofDrosophila hydei. Both the frequency of recombination and the amount of DNA between these markers have been determined. From these data the coefficient of exchange has been calculated.
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 65 (1982), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The characteristics of converters with natural commutation on the d.c. side are described using the example of a two pulse bridge connection. This type of converters was not evaluated very largely in the past compared to the converters with natural commutation on the a.c. side. In this paper the characteristics of the direct current and the commutation procedure are evaluated. This includes calculating the angle of overlap. The advantagous behaviour of this type of converters is shown when operating in the inverter mode. The equation of the angle of advance is derived. This equation is compared to that of the converter using natural commutation on the a.c. side. The influence of inductances in the commutation circuits on the average value of the direct current is shown. Some systematic remarks are made on single-way connections and double-way connections of converters using natural commutation on the d.c. side.
    Notes: Übersicht Die wichtigsten Eigenschaften von Stromrichtern mit natürlicher, gleichspannungsseitiger Kommutierung werden am Beispiel der Zweipulsbrückenschaltung beschrieben. Dieser Stromrichtertyp wurde in der Vergangenheit im Gegensatz zu den Stromrichtern mit natürlicher, wechselspannungseitiger Kommutierung kaum behandelt. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird auf die Bildung des Gleichstromes und den Kommutierungsvorgang einschließlich der Berechnung des Überlappungswinkels eingegangen. Das vorteilhafte Verhalten dieser Stromrichter im Wechselrichterbetrieb wird mit der Ableitung der Beziehung für den Voreilwinkel gezeigt. Diese wird mit der entsprechenden Beziehung für die Stromrichter mit wechselspannungsseitiger Kommutierung verglichen. Weiter wird auf den Einfluß der Induktivitäten im Kommutierungskreis auf den Mittelwert des Gleichstromes eingegangen. Für Stromrichter mit natürlicher Gleichspannungskommutierung wird schließlich eine Systematik der Schaltungen mit einer Einteilung in Einweg- und Zweiwegschaltungen angegeben.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 8 (1982), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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