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  • 1980-1984  (23)
  • 1984  (11)
  • 1981  (9)
  • 1980  (3)
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  • 1980-1984  (23)
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  • 11
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    Artificial intelligence applications concepts for the remote sensing and earth science community (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The following potential applications of AI to the study of earth science are described: (1) intelligent data management systems; (2) intelligent processing and understanding of spatial data; and (3) automated systems which perform tasks that currently require large amounts of time by scientists and engineers to complete. An example is provided of how an intelligent information system might operate to support an earth science project.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    Determination of sea ice parameters with the Nimbus 7 SMMR (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of determining sea ice parameters using Nimbus 7 polarized multispectral radiance data obtained with the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) is presented. Observed radiances from selected areas in the Arctic region for the period February 3-7, 1979 were used in computing algorithm coefficients. Polar maps of sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature are illustrated for this period. The variation of the mean and standard deviation of ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction for a region of perennial ice cover over the first 11 months of SMMR operation is also presented. Comparisons are made between the calculated sea ice parameters and information obtained from previous studies using aircraft, submarine and surface observations. The absolute accuracy of the SMMR parameters remains uncertain.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 5355-536
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  • 13
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    A summary of results from the first Nimbus 7 SMMR observations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Selected data obtained during the first year of operation of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus 7 satellite (launched in late October 1978) have been used to calculate, on a global basis, various geophysical parameters over open oceans, polar regions, and terrain. Over open oceans these calculations have provided values for sea surface temperatures, near-surface winds, atmospheric water vapor in a column, and rainfall rates. In polar regions, sea ice concentration, multiyear ice fraction, and radiating temperatures have been obtained. Finally, the extent and water equivalence of snow cover over terrain have been calculated. These parameters have been compared with in situ measurements of the same geophysical parameters, where available, and the results of these comparisons are described. The self-consistency of the global displays of all the parameters is discussed along with the plans for archiving them for subsequent research purposes. A description of the SMMR calibration and data processing scheme is also given.
    Keywords: GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 5335-534
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  • 14
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    Global maps of sea ice concentration, age and surface temperature derived from Nimbus-7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer data - A case study (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Oceanography from space; May 26, 1980 - May 30, 1980; Venice; Italy
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  • 15
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    Evaluation of Nimbus 7 SMMR sensor with airborne radiometers and surface observations in the Norwegian Sea (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements made by the Nimbus 7 SMMR are compared with near simultaneous observations using the airborne SMMR simulator and with surface observations. The area of the test is in the Norwegian Sea between Bear Island and Northern Norway. It is noted that during the observation period two low-pressure systems were located in the test area, giving a spatial wind variation from 3-20 m/s. It is shown that the use of the currently available brightness temperatures and algorithms for SMMR does not give universally satisfactory results for SST and wind speed under extreme weather conditions. In addition, the SMMR simulator results are seen as indicating the need for more work on calibration.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Oceanography from space; May 26, 1980 - May 30, 1980; Venice; Italy
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  • 16
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    Observation of sea ice properties with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Techniques for treating Nimbus-7 scanning multispectral microwave radiometer (SMMR) data to retrieve information on sea ice parameters are discussed. The SMMR produces information on ice concentration, temperature, multiyear ice fraction, thin ice fraction, difference between thin and thick ice temperatures, and atmospheric opacity. Sea ice emissivities as determined from ground truth and Nimbus-7 SMMR observations are provided, noting the necessity to further characterize the values with a larger data base. It was found that longest wavelengths displayed the largest contrast between open water and sea. Ice emissivity polarization differences are no more than 0.15 at any wavelength, while water polarizations are never less than 0.52. Ice emissivity increases directly with wavelength, and water emissivity increases inversely. Algorithmic representations of SMMR data to retrieve sea ice parameters are described.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jun 08, 1981 - Jun 10, 1981; Washington, DC
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  • 17
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    Nimbus-7 SMMR evaluation performed during the Norwegian remote sensing experiment /NORSEX/ (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In September and October 1979, surface-based meteorological, oceanographic, and microwave observations were made in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) from an icebreaker. Two synthetic aperture radar images of the ice edge region were obtained. In addition, a C-130 aircraft took aerial photographs and made active and passive microwave measurements and associated environmental measurements. The ship-based microwave observations gave values of the emissivity and backscatter of the different ice types in the MIZ over the spectral range covered by SMMR and at varying angles of incidence. In conjunction with the backscatter measurements, the ship and aircraft radiometry indicated the potential of a combined active/passive system for ice type determination. It was found that the ice edge could be located with an accuracy limited primarily by the geographical location of the SMMR fields of view. Ice concentration changes as deduced from the movement of buoys in the 200 x 200 km area with corresponding values for the SMMR ice concentration algorithm were found to be of the same order of magnitude
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jun 08, 1981 - Jun 10, 1981; Washington, DC
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  • 18
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    The Norwegian remote sensing experiment (Norsex) in a marginal ice zone (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Passive and active microwave measurements from surface based, airborne, and satellite instruments were obtained together with surface observations northwest of Svalbard. Emissivities of different ice patches in the ice edge region over the spectral range from 4.9 to 94 GHz are presented. The combination of a 6.6 GHz microwave radiometer with a 14.6 GHz scatterometer demonstrates the usefulness of an active/passive system in ice classification. A variety of mesoscale features under different meteorological conditions is revealed by a 1.36 GHz synthetic aperture radar. Ice edge location by Nimbus 7 scanning multifrequency microwave radiometer is shown accurate to 10 km when the 37 GHz horizontal polarized channel is used.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Appl. of Remote Sensing Data on the Continental Shelf; p 113-118
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  • 19
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    A comparison of the usefulness of canonical analysis, principal components analysis, and band selection for extraction of features from TMS data for landcover analysis (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Three feature extraction methods, canonical analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and band selection, have been applied to Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data in order to evaluate the relative performance of the methods. The results obtained show that CA is capable of providing a transformation of TMS data which leads to better classification results than provided by all seven bands, by PCA, or by band selection. A second conclusion drawn from the study is that TMS bands 2, 3, 4, and 7 (thermal) are most important for landcover classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; May 09, 1983 - May 13, 1983; Ann Arbor, MI
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  • 20
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    Remote sensing of the marginal ice zone during Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) 83 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The remote sensing techniques utilized in the Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) to study the physical characteristics and geophysical processes of the Fram Strait Region of the Greenland Sea are described. The studies, which utilized satellites, aircraft, helicopters, and ship and ground-based remote sensors, focused on the use of microwave remote sensors. Results indicate that remote sensors can provide marginal ice zone characteristics which include ice edge and ice boundary locations, ice types and concentration, ice deformation, ice kinematics, gravity waves and swell (in the water and the ice), location of internal wave fields, location of eddies and current boundaries, surface currents and sea surface winds.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 339-346
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