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  • Articles  (63)
  • Springer  (43)
  • Wiley  (20)
  • Copernicus
  • 1975-1979  (63)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1935-1939
  • 1978  (63)
Collection
  • Articles  (63)
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  • 1975-1979  (63)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Puppen von Rhagoletis cerasi L. aus üOsterreich, der Slovakei, der Schweiz und aus Italien, welche aus infizierten Kirschen gewonnen worden waren, wurden wüahrend 155 Tagen bei 4\dg gelagert und anschliessend füur die Weiterentwicklung in 11 konstanten und 4 fluktuierenden Temperaturregimen untersucht. Keine Fliegen schlüupften nach 324 Tagen Inkubationsdauer bei 8\dg, wüahrend die durchschnittliche Schlüupfrate bei den üubrigen Temperaturbedingungen 84% betrug. Die beobachteten und berechneten Werte füur die Entwicklungsdauer bis zur Erreichung der Schlüupfraten von 10% und 50% sind nach Geschlechtern und Herküunften getrennt in Tabellen aufgefüuhrt. Lineare Regressionsgleichungen wurden berechnet füur die Kurven der Entwicklungsraten und verwendet füur die Berechnung der Entwicklungsnullpunkte und effektiven Temperatursummen. Weibliche Fliegen schlüupften früuher als Müannchen und Puppen aus Italien entwickelten sich von allen vier Herküunften am langsamsten. Berechnet auf der Basis eines durchschnittlichen Entwicklungsnullpunktes von 6.8\dg als Schwellenwert benüotigten die Weibchen der verschiedenen Herküunfte bis zum Erreichen der Schlüupfrate von 10% folgende Temperatursummen in Gradtagen: üOsterreich 331\dg, Slovakei 319\dg, Italien 359\dg und die Schweiz 321. Die entsprechenden Werte für das Erreichen des Zeitpunktes von Schlüpfbeginn, 50% und 90% Schlüpfrate sind ebenfalls in Tabellenform dargestellt. Der normalerweise füur Prognosezwecke verwendete Schwellenwert von 5\dg wurde zu Vergleichszwecken ebenfalls in die Analyse der experimentellen Daten einbezogen, doch zeigte es sich, dass er zu tief liegt. Die üUberprüufung der Prognosemethode in der Schweiz mittels Bodentemperaturen in 5 cm Bodentiefe unter Anwendung des neuen Schwellenwertes von 6.8\dg und der effektiven Temperatursumme von 321 Gradtagen füuhrte jedoch zu den gleichen Schlussfolgerungen wie die Verwendung des traditionellen Schwellenwertes von 5\dg und der Summe von 430 Gradtagen. Da die Berechnungen auf der Basis von 5\dg einfacher sind und gute üUbereinstimmung mit den Fangresultaten im Freiland zeigen, besteht keine Veranlassung füur die praktische Anwendung den alten Schwellenwert zu üandern.
    Notes: Abstract Pupae of Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Italy were stored at 4° for 155 days and then transferred to eleven constant and four cycling temperature regimes until the flies emerged. No flies emerged in 324 days at 8° constant but mean emergence was 84% for the remaining regimes. Female flies emerged slightly earlier than males and flies from Italy were the last to start emerging. Reduced to a common mean base temperature of 6.8°, temperature sums in day degrees C to 10% emergence of female flies were 331 (Austria), 319 (Czechoslovakia), 359 (Italy) and 321 (Switzerland). The equivalent sums are also given for first, 50% and 90% emergence. When tested with soil temperature data from Switzerland 321 day degrees above 6.8° and 430 day degrees above 5° gave effectively the same estimates for practical forecasting purposes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 7 (1978), S. 221-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) andN-deethylated atrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were monitored (1974 and 1975) in five rivers which drained agricultural areas in the Yamaska river basin of Québec. Water samples were collected frequently from April to December each year from sites near the outflow of each river. The water samples were extracted with benzene, chloroform, or ethyl acetate and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector and an alkali-flame detector. Atrazine andN-deethylated atrazine residues ranged in concentration from 0.01 to 26.9 μg/L and 〈0.01 to 1.34 μg/L, respectively, over the monitoring period. The highest levels of atrazine were observed in July each year and they coincided with the herbicide spraying season in this region and with occasional heavy rainfall events. Discharges (kg/yr) of atrazine from the five rivers were related to corn-growing area in each watershed. Losses of atrazine ranged from 0.1 to 2.9% of the atrazine that was estimated to have been applied in each watershed.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Theory of computing systems 12 (1978), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1433-0490
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the addition of “provability” requirements to the definitions of and does not seem to simplify the = question.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 34 (1978), S. 1479-1480 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Post-tetanic potentiation and the underlying post-tetanic repetition in cat soleus muscle require normal motor nerve terminals. These indices of nerve terminal viability are depressed 10 days and absent 15 days after tenotomy of the soleus muscle.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 34 (1978), S. 1521-1522 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Xenopus larvae raised from stage 21 in melatonin solution and upon a dark background had fewer head melanophores at stage 48 than control animals not exposed to melatonin. Rearing larvae in melatonin solution seems to mimic rearing larvae on a light background.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 40 (1978), S. 311-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes two families in which four boys and two girls were affected with geroderma osteodysplastica. The major features of this syndrome include a droopy, jowly, prematurely aged appearance that has been likened by previous authors to the dwarfs in Walt Disney's ‘Snow White.’ Also, their skin lacks normal elastic recoil. The bones are osteoporotic and susceptible to fractures, particularly the vertebrae, which show compression with anterior wedging and biconcavity. The findings in the present families are compared with those in the originally reported family. There was a high degree of consanguinity between the parents in both of the present families and the previous hypothesis of X-linked inheritance is questioned.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 29 (1978), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nonlinear input-output behavior of the repetitive firing mechanism in crayfish tonic stretch receptor cells was studied using white-noise analysis; the latter technique allows estimation of Wiener kernel functions which provide a complete description of the system input-output behavior, at least for the conditions under which the experiment is performed. 200 ms-long steps of Gaussian-distributed current levels were injected through a microelectrode as the input. Nerve impulse (spike) frequency was used as the output variable. Analysis was restricted to signal frequency components less than or equal to the cell's firing frequency. For this frequency range, the Wiener kernels can be related directly to previously known physiological properties of neurons, such as pacemaker sensitivities, thresholds, and adaptation. Different measures of “spike frequency” (instantaneous frequency, average frequency, and convolution of the spike train with a Sinc function) were tested and gave approximately the same results, with the major differences being at high frequencies. At normal carrier frequencies (approx. 10 Hz) and small modulation depths (cell never shut off for long periods), the stretch receptor behaved very linearly; the first kernel had a peak at the origin followed by a negative decaying undershoot, as would be expected for a neuron with “refractory” (spike-dependent) adaptation; higher kernels made negligible contributions. In this range, the first kernel peak corresponded approximately to the cell's pacemaker sensitivity, as would be expected. When a high modulation depth was employed, the cell was silent for appreciable periods, indicating nonlinear behavior (half-wave rectification). The first kernels were qualitatively unchanged, but second kernels now made a significant contribution.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 29 (1978), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simulated white noise analysis experiments on a simple integrate-and-fire neuron model with adaptation yields Wiener kernels comparable to those found for a crayfish stretch receptor neuron, for low modulation depths (linear range). At high modulation depths (nonlinear range), this model corresponds well to the neuron only if the “membrane potential” variable is constrained to positive values. An alternative kind of neural model considered is one in which spike initiation processes are ignored, and instead a time-continuous spike frequency variable is used. Such an analytic differential equation model can be represented by a half-wave rectifier with low-pass feedback; simulated white noise analysis of this model shows good correspondence with the stretch receptor, except at the higher frequencies approaching the cell's carrier frequency. The analytic system model is amenable to mathematical analysis using linear and nonlinear systems theory, resulting in equations which relate features of Wiener kernels (peaks, undershoots, time constants, etc.) to previously described features of neurons (threshold, pacemaker sensitivity, adaptation or post-inhibitory rebound).
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gymnotoid electric fish with pulse-type electric organ discharges (EODs) shorten (lengthen) their EOD intervals as pulses of a slightly slower (faster) train scan their EODs (Figs. 1, 2). They thus minimize the chance of pulse coincidence by transient accelerations (decelerations) of their EOD rate. Studies in curarized preparations demonstrate that this Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR) is controlled by electroreceptive input alone and without reference to an internal electric organ pacemaker-related signal (Fig. 8). A sufficient stimulus input consists of a train of strong, EOD-like stimulus pulses (S1), which mimic the animal's experience of its own EOD, and a train of small pulses (S2) of slightly different repetition rate, which mimic EODs of a neighbor. Correct behavioral responses require S1 pulses of sufficient intensity to recruit pulse-markertype receptors; also spatial and temporal patterns must closely resemble those of the animal's EOD. These features are of little significance for S2 pulses which, while scanning S1 pulses, only provide a small perturbation of electroreceptive feedback from S1 pulses. Inappropriate S1 stimulation impairs and sometimes reverses (Fig. 7) the behavioral discrimination of scan directions. The JAR is explained in terms of excitatory and inhibitory processes (Fig. 3) which are triggered by S2 stimulation, at specific phases within the S1 cycle (Figs. 4–6). The JAR in pulse species strongly resembles the JAR in wave-species (Bullock et al., 1972) and could be considered an evolutionary ancestor of the latter. It is a response to a particular novelty in electroreceptive feedback.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1978), S. 2531-2540 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular structure of room temperature (RT) nylon 66 and its transition to the high temperature (HT) form have been examined by X-ray crystallographic techniques. An initial literature survey on the RT form revealed a number of anomalies in the spatial relationships of the molecules within the unit cell, namely, poor ethylenic segment packing, distortion of the amide group from a planar configuration and lack of similarity on the projected cell base between RT nylon 66 and RT nylon 6. These anomalies have been resolved, and models proposed which give a better fit between calculated and observed data. The remainder of the paper describes the examination of the HT form with the object of determining whether or not a three-dimensional hydrogen bonded network could exist beyond 180° C. By determining unit cell dimensions and measuring intermolecular hydrogen bond distances it was possible to eliminate certain directions for hydrogen bonded planes. On the basis that any such distance must not exceed about 0.31 nm, which is the maximum hydrogen bond distance reported in the literature, it was concluded that a three-dimensional network could not exist. The cause of the structural transition is attributed to progressive changes in ethylenic segment torsion angles.
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