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  • Physics  (66)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • GENERAL
  • 1975-1979  (92)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1978  (92)
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Keywords
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  • 1975-1979  (92)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of tobacco smoke on the metabolism and function of rat alveolar macrophagesPresented in part at the 1976 meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 95 (1978), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alveolar macrophages harvested by bronchopulmonary lavage from rats exposed to tobacco smoke for 30 days (“smokers”) showed alterations in oxidative metabolism, lactate production and phagocytosis of inert starch particles when compared with control macrophages. Phagocytosis of viable Staphylococcus aureus was unaffected by tobacco smoke. Glucose oxidation measured by conversion of glucose-1-14C to 14CO2 was moderately affected while oxidation of glucose-6-14C to 14CO2 was not. Smokers routinely yielded fewer cells than controls, though these cells contained approximately 17% more protein than did controls. Opsonization of particles was not necessary for macrophages from either smoker or control animals to manifest a respiratory burst and increased superoxide and hydrogen peroxide release during phagocytosis. The glycolytic inhibitors, sodium fluoride and iodoacetamide, while effectively blocking glycolysis, did not inhibit phagocytosis by macrophages from either group. The results reported clearly distinguish alveolar macrophages from other phagocytic cells (peritoneal macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and suggest a state of non-specific activation caused by exposure to tobacco smoke.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040950113
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissociation of plasminogen activator from the transformed phenotype in a 5-Bromodeoxyuridine dependent mutant of syrian hamster melanoma cells (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 95 (1978), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between plasminogen activator levels and the expression of the transformed phenotype was studied in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. In terms of cell morphology and cellular interactions, the BrdUrd dependent cells resemble transformed cells when grown in the presence of BrdUrd but resemble untransformed cells when grown in the absence of BrdUrd. It was found that the BrdUrd dependent cells release significant levels of plasminogen activator only when cultured in the absence of BrdUrd. In the presence of BrdUrd, the release of plasminogen activator by the dependent cells is suppressed, and the decreased level of plasminogen activator released in the presence of BrdUrd seems to be due to decreased production of active enzyme. Growth tests revealed that the BrdUrd dependent cells, when attached to a substrate, required BrdUrd in order to attain high densities. Furthermore, the cells are able to grow well in soft agar only in the presence of BrdUrd. These results suggest that the production and release of high levels of plasminogen activator are not related (either as cause or effect) to the expression of the transformed phenotype in the BrdUrd dependent cellsThe effect of dog serum (as a plasminogen source) on the BrdUrd dependent cells also was tested. It was found that cells cultured in medium containing dog serum exhibit a morphological alteration, but only in the absence of BrdUrd. The morphological response of the cells to dog serum resembles that previously observed with virus-transformed cells. In the BrdUrd dependent cells, the morphological response to dog serum appears correlated with the release of plasminogen activator but separated from other transformed characteristics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040950305
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunocytochemical localization of the cortical granule lectin in fertilized and unfertilized eggs of xenopus laevis (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 1 (1978), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: immunoperoxidase localization ; fertilization ; Xenopus laevis ; cortical reaction ; block to polyspermy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: At fertilization, the vitelline envelope surrounding the egg of Xenopus laevis is modified by the addition of an electron-dense component termed the “F layer.” The F layer functions as a block to polyspermy and as a block to the escape of macromolecules from the perivitelline space, thereby causing an osmotically driven envelope elevation. F-layer formation has been hypothesized to result from interaction between a cortical-granule lectin, released in the cortical reaction, and a jelly-coat ligand. Evidence for this hypothesis was sought by determining the location of the cortical-granule lectin both before and after fertilization, using a specific antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The cortical-granule lectin was localized only in the cortical granules of the unfertilized egg and was located predominantly in the perivitelline space and the F layer of a fertilized egg. These observations support the hypothesis that the F layer is formed by a cortical-granule-Iectin-jelly layer-ligand interaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120010104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic behavior and phase domain formation in Millar interpenetrating polymer networks of polystyrene (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 583-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Millar-type interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are composed of two identical networks. In the present case Millar IPNs of polystyrene/polystyrene were prepared where the crosslinker levels of the two networks differed by a factor of 10. Polymer network I contained 0.4% divinylbenzene (DVB) and polymer network II contained 4% DVB, the polymers having the following weight proportions: 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75. A single polystyrene network containing 2.2% DVB was synthesized for comparison with the 50/50 Millar IPN, both containing the same average amount of crosslinker. The creep behavior of the Millar IPNs was found to be dominated by polymer network I, as were the rubbery moduli and swelling behavior in toluene. These results suggested that polymer I domains are more continuous in space and polymer II domains are less continuous. The Donatelli equation predicted polymer II domain sizes of 60 Å to 100 Å for the Millar IPNs. Electron micrographs of specimens containing 1% isoprene in polymer II offered visual evidence for the segregation of polymer II domains from polymer I, and showed that the polymer II domains were, in fact, less continuous. Polymer II domains varied from about 50 to 100 Å in size, as predicted. These results have implications for gelation processes in general.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160402
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proton NMR study of molecular motion in polydimethylsiloxane (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Proton spin-lattice relaxation times T1 were measured for two samples of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one with weight-average molecular weight Mw = 77,400 and the other with Mw = 609,000. Two T1 minima and a T1 discontinuity were observed for each compound. The high-temperature T1 minima were attributed to a stretching and flexing motion of the PDMS chain. Quantitative comparison of the relaxation data with a theoretical model developed for this motion allowed the activation energy, 2.3 kcal/mole, and the maximum angular displacement of the methyl group symmetry axis to be determined. The latter was found to be 31°, independent of sample molecular weight. The low-temperature minima were ascribed to methyl reorientation with an activation energy of 1.6 kcal/mole. The T1 discontinuities were attributed to melting and allowed the degree of crystallinity to be estimated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160213
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supported bis(indenyl)- and bis(fluorenyl)-chromium catalysts for ethylene polymerization (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 771-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Silica-supported bis(indenyl)- and bis(fluorenyl)-chromium catalysts show good activity in ethylene polymerization. For maximum productivity with the indenyl chromium catalyst, the silica must be dried, with higher dehydration temperatures giving a significant increase in polymerization activity. Less deactivation on thermal aging of the supported bis(indenyl)-chromium catalyst allows ethylene polymerization to proceed for many hours, which provides polyethylenes of low residual chromium content. In contrast to the behavior of supported chromocene catalysts, the indenyl-and fluorenyl-chromium catalysts require a higher hydrogen/ethylene ratio to achieve a specific polymer melt index. Nevertheless, highly saturated polyethylenes are produced with these new catalysts. This result indicates that chain transfer to hydrogen remains the major chain transfer reaction. Addition of cyclopentadiene to a supported indenyl-chromium catalyst provided a catalyst with a much higher transfer response to hydrogen. This result suggests that ligand exchange occurred, producing a supported chromocene catalyst. These overall results are consistent with an active-site model which comprises a supported divalent chromium center attached to an indenyl or fluorenyl ligand during the polymerization process. Polymerization is believed to occur by a coordinated anionic mechanism of the type previously discussed for a supported chromocene catalyst.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170160405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of vinyl cyclohexane and α-methyl vinyl cyclohexane with acrylonitrile (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 3233-3248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolymerization of vinyl cyclohexane and α-methyl vinyl cyclohexane with acrylonitrile in the presence of a complexing agent AlEtCl2 results in the formation of alternate copolymers. In the copolymerization of vinyl cyclohexane with acrylonitrile the copolymer composition depends on the ratio of acrylonitrile to AlEtCl2. If this ratio is unity, alternating copolymers of the composition 1:1 are formed; with a ratio greater than unity statistical copolymers that contain more than 50% acrylonitrile units are produced. The 1H-NMR spectroscopy measurements indicate that the interaction between the comonomers and the complexing agent leads to the formation of ternary donor-acceptor complexes of equimolar composition. The equilibrium constants of these complexes at -60°C have been determined. The effects of temperature, nature of solvent and dilution on the yield, and composition of the copolymers of vinyl cyclohexane with acrylonitrile formed have been studied. By lowering the temperature the yield of copolymers increases but their composition remains equimolar. An increase in the polarity of the medium results in an increase in copolymer yield, whereas the yield decreases if the reaction is conducted in a donor-solvent medium. Dilution of the reaction mixture disrupts the alternation of units in the macrochain of copolymers. The kinetic pecularities of copolymerization have been investigated. The linear dependence of the copolymerization rate on the product of comonomer concentration is observed. The rate of copolymerization is proportional to the square root of the incident light intensity. Various additions of radical type and irradiation accelerate the process of copolymerization. The mechanism of alternating copolymerization of vinyl cyclohexane monomers with acrylonitrile in the presence of AlEtCl2 is discussed in terms of homopolymerization of the comonomer complex.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.170161217
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal-paraphyseal complex of sea turtles. I. Light microscopic descriptionThis research was supported by NIH Grant NS-12257 and by NSF Grant PCM75-18187. (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 158 (1978), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal-paraphyseal complex of sea turtles is an impressively large structure which projects dorsally and anteriorly above the prosencephalon. The complex was examined by light microscopy in several age classes of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and from juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). The paraphysis is extensively fused to the distal portion of the pineal body, suggesting an interrelated function for these two tissues. No duct or canal was observed connecting the pineal lumen to the third ventricle. Two pineal cell types are described which appear to correspond to the neuroglial supportive cells and the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells of other amniotic vertebrates. A possible luminal secretion in the form of apical protrusions is produced by the latter cell type. No typical photoreceptive outer segments were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051580204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological study of muscular hypoplasia in the crooked neck dwarf mutant (cn/cn) chick embryo (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 158 (1978), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tibiotarsal segments of 12-day chick embryos homozygous for the crooked neck dwarf gene (cn/cn) were examined histologically following routine methods of preparation. The myogenic mass fails to divide into separate muscle bundles during the early stages of differentiation. Myoblasts and myotubes are observed, although the proportion favors the mononucleate cell population. Multinucleate myotubes are often wavy in appearance and many contain eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. The entire tissue mass of mutants appears more compacted than in control limbs. Poor organization of muscle appears related to the lack of a suitable connective tissue system. Epimysia, perimysia, and subcutaneous connective tissue fail to develop properly. Tendons are poorly developed or absent. Comparisons between mutant and control embryos show no differences in peripheral innervation. Nerve fascicles penetrate deeply into the developing muscle of both species. The distribution of vascular elements is seemingly normal also. Skeletal muscle of cn/cn embryos is capable of differentiating to the myotube stage, after which it undergoes cellular degeneration without achieving a functional state. Comparisons of this mutant with alleged chemical phenocopies show important differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051580103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A topographical study of the distribution of end-plates in the cutaneus pectoris, sartorius, and gastrocnemius muscles of the frog (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 327-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: End-plate distributions have been determined for three frog muscles of different morphology in order to relate end-plate topography to spatial muscle structure and nerve branching. Koelle's cholinesterase technique was applied, both on whole muscles and frozen sections. The end-plates of the short parallel-fibered cutaneus pectoris muscle appeared to be located in short bands along the nerve branches. The nerve tree is restricted to a zonal area across the middle part of the muscle. Depending on the way the nerve branches, the end-plate bands form innervation patterns, varying from one single continuous band to multiple distributed bands. In the latter case one frequently observes that different end-plate bands do not run across the same longitudinal muscle fiber area, although the respective nerve branches run parallel across this area. The long parallel-fibered sartorius muscle has a wider nerve tree and exhibits the same phenomenon for close parallel nerve branches, but end-plate bands along parallel nerve branches far apart cover the same muscle fiber area. The end-plate distribution in the bipennate, short-fibered gastrocnemius is zonal throughout the muscle except in certain compartments containing tonic fibers. The end-plate zone centers around the inner aponeurosis about half-way between the muscle tendon junctions of the fibers and is visible only at the muscle surface where muscle fibers run over their entire length at that surface. The results are of general use in the electrophysiology of neuromuscular transmission because they illustrate how in certain twitch muscles neuromuscular morphology may help to localize end-plates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051550306
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