ALBERT

Notes: : The optimization of real-time operations for a single reservoir system is studied. The objective is to maximize the sum of hourly power generation over a period of one day subject to constraints of hourly power schedules, daily flow requirement for water supply and other purposes, and the limitations of the facilities. The problem has a nonlinear concave objective function with nonlinear concave and linear constraints. Nonlinear Duality Theorems and Lagrangian Procedures are applied to solve the problem where the minimization of the Lagrangian is carried out by a modified gradient projection technique along with an optimal stepsize determination routine. The dimension of the problem in terms of the number of variables and constraints is reduced by eliminating the 24 continuity equations with a special implicit routine. A numerical example is presented using data provided by the Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.

Notes: Both spring-summer and fall-winter sand transport have been observed on the Long Island, New York, inner shelf at water depths of 20-22 m using a radio-isotope sand tracer system. The extent of dispersal of the tagged, fine sand was measured at 3 week intervals in two 70 day experiments. In the late spring and early summer, movement was primarily diffusive in nature, extending 100 m around the line of tracer injection, while late fall-winter patterns had strong advective features, including an ellipsoidal outline extending approximately 1500 m westward of the injection points after the passage of several storms with strong northeasterly winds. Near-bottom current observations made with Savonius rotor sensors identify the event responsible for the bulk of the transport over the 135 day observation period as a storm flow of 2 days duration. Tracer and current observations together suggest that westward winter storm flow along the Long Island shelf is the major mechanism of sand transport at these depths on a yearly time scale. A least-squares fit of several of the observed winter patterns with a plume model yields average sediment mass flux lower bounds of 3.2 × 10−3 gm/cm/sec and 1.7 × 10−1 gm/cm/sec for ‘typical’ and extreme winter storm activity.

Notes: : Floodwater-retarding impoundments, controlling 68 percent of the drainage area of Tonkawa Creek, a Washita River tributary in southwestern Oklahoma, have reduced the total flow volume about 36 percent over a 5-year period. Analyses showed the reduction occurred primarily in the less-than-2.5-cfs flow range, indicating the base flow regime has been altered. However, channelizing the downstream, mild-sloped, 3.6 miles of Tonkawa Creek that flows across a Washita River terrace increased the flow volume fourfold at the outlet. A double-masscurve analysis of water yield from a 1,127-square-mile Washita basin segment versus an untreated tributary showed the yield has not changed after 25 percent of the tributary area had been treated. Therefore, the flow reduction caused by structures is being offset by increased yields from channelization.

Notes: Abstract: Chlorophyll analyses of both laboratory cultures and natural aquatic samples were unaffected by the use of magnesium carbonate. Equal volumes of the samples (at various pH values) were pipetted onto 0.45 micrometer filters with and without magnesium carbonate. Chlorophyll concentrations were determined for each filtered sample and those frozen for specified times. In all samples tested there was no difference either in the retention of algae or in the stability of chlorophyll over the time period and pH range tested.

Notes: Abstract: Opportunities for the development of an amalgam of park and leisure-oriented commercial establishments in urban-core waterfont settings exist in many U.S. cities. Public awareness of the need to enhance the environmental quality of these waterfont areas has resulted in a demand for planning and implementation action. However, the lack of understanding of urban political systems has been an inhibiting factor in the development of this park/ business concept.The major factors that influence the decision-making process leading to the development of urban-core waterfronts for park/business use are identified inthis paper. Understanding this decision-making process can aid project implementation and avoid waste of planning effort in time, dollars, and productivity.

Notes: The longterm control of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) following applications of asulam was studied for 5 years al a site in the West of Scotland; there was no post-spray management. The time of treatment was found to be of considerable importance, satisfactory long-term control being obtained only when 4.4–8.8 kg/ha were applied around the stage of full frond expansion (26 July–16 August). Application of 4.4 kg/ha asulam on 26 July decreased frond density by 99, 95, 85, and 73% in the 4 years following treatment; about 50% recovery was observed in the fifth year. The latter may be partially due to the encroachment of rhizomes from the adjacent untreated plots and the lack of post-spray management. Examination of rhizomes dug from 1 m2 areas showed that asulam killed more than 90% of the active frond buds and apices in the first year, but left undamaged 48% of the dormant buds on the deeper rhizome branches; the latter appeared to be the main source of reinfestation of treated plots in subseqquent years. The total number of living buds increased from 17% of the untreated in the first year to 38% in the fifth year; the majority of these buds were dormant. Formulation of asulam (4.4 kg/ha) with 1% ethylan CP only improved the reduction in frond density over a 4-year period by 10%. Recherches sur le mode d'action de l'asulame sur la fougère (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III, Elimination durable de la fougère.Lélimination durable de la fougére (Pteridium aquilinum) a la suite d'applications d'asulame a éte etudiee pendant 5 annees dans une station de I'ouest de I'Ecosse; il n'y a pas eu d'autre intervention apres le trailement. W a ete constate que Vepoque du traitement avait une importance considerable, une elimination durable n'ayant pu etre obtenue qu'en appliquant 4,4 a 8,8 kg/ha d'asulame au stade de plein developpement des frondes (26 juillet-16 aout), L'application de 4,4 kg d'asulame le 26 juillet diminua la densite des frondes de 99, 95, 88, et 73% au cours des 4 annees suivant le traitement; une repousse d'environ50% fut observee la cinquieme annee, Ce resultat final peut etre du en partie a I'empietement de rhizomes provenant des parcelles adjacentes non traitees et a I'absence d'intervention apres le traitement. L'examen des rhizomes extraits sur des surfaces de 1 m2 montra que I'asulame avait tue plus de 90% des bourgeons et des apex des frondes en activite au cours de la premiere annee, mais n'avait pas endommage 48% des bourgeons dormants situes sur les ramifications les plus profondes des rhizomes; ce fait est apparu comme la cause principale de la reinfestation des parcelles traitees au cours des annees suivantes. Le nombre total des bourgeons vivants est passe de 17% des temoins la premiere annee a 38% la cinquieme annee; la majorite de ces bourgeons etaient dormants. La formulation de I'asulame avec 1% seulement d'etylan CP” a augmente de 10% la reduction de la densite des frondes au cours de la periode de 4 ans. Untersuchungen zur Wirkuttgsweise von Asulam bei Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). III. Langfristige BekdmpfungIn einem Versuch in Westschottland wurde die langfristige Bekampfung von Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) nach Asulam-Behandlungen uber 5 Jahre untersucht. In diesen Versuchen wurden nach der Herbizidbehandlung keine weiteren Bekampfungsmassnahmen durchgefiihrt. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Bekampfungszeitpunkt von erheblicher Bedeutung ist. Eine befriedigende langfristige Bekampfung wurde nur erzielt, wenn 4.4–8.8 kg/ha zum Zeitpunkt der vollen Wedelentwicklung (26, Juli-16. August) angewendet wurden. Eine Behandlung mit 4,4 kg/ha Asulam am 26, Juli fuhrte in den 4 Jahren nach der Applikation zu einem Ruckgang der Wedeldichte um 99, 95, 85 und 73%, und im fiinften Jahr betrug die Wedeldichte wieder etwa 50% der ursprunglichen. Das letztere lasst sich teilweise mit dem Eindringen von Rhizomen aus benachbarten unbehandelten Parzellen und dem Fehlen weiterer Massnahmen mach der Herbizidbehandlung erklaren. Die Untersuchung von I m2 grossen Flachen zeigte, dass durch Asulam im ersten Jahr iiber 90% der aktiven Wedelknospcn und -apices getotet wurden, aber 48% der dormanten Wedelknospen und -apices der tieferliegenden Rhizomstijcke unbeeinfiusst blieben. Diese Organe scheinen die Hauptursache der Wiederverseuchung in den folgenden Jahren gewesen zu sein. Die Gesamtzahl an lebenden Knospen nahm, bezogen auf Unbehandelt, von 17% im ersten Jahr auf 38% im fiinften Jahr zu, die meisten Knospen waren aber dormant. Zusatz von 1% Ethylan CP zu Asulam (4,4 kg/ha) verbesserte im Beobachtungszeitraum von 4 Jahren die Wirkung (Verminderung der Wedeldichle) nur um 10%.

Notes: A study was made of the effect of spin chilling and later freezing on possible spread of salmonellae and other bacteria on commercially processed turkeys in a federally inspected plant. Sixty-one turkeys were examined before and after spin chilling, after being “shell-frozen” in brine, after blast freezing and after being held in a freezer storage room. After spin chilling, levels of all organisms tested were reduced, and no salmonellae were recovered. Coagulase positive staphylococci persisted on turkeys during processing and after freezing. As expected, freezing caused further decreases in bacterial populations, but the spin chilling operation itself was highly effective in reducing counts. No undue health hazard was observed from chilling procedures.

Notes: Ground beef formulations containing three levels of mechanically deboned beef (MDB, 0, 10, and 20%) were stored at -12, -18 and-23°C. Initially and at 2-wk intervals for 24 wk, one chub pack from each formulation and each storage temperature was removed for chemical and sensory analysis. Formulation (level of MDB) and storage time had significant effects on all palatability traits. Frozen storage temperature had no significant effect on any of the palatability traits. Interactions between temperature and time; formulation and time; and formulation and temperature were nonsignificant. There was no evidence that the formulations containing MDB affected the storage properties of ground beef any more so than ground beef containing 0% MDB.