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  • Wiley  (21)
  • Oxford University Press  (8)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (3)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Amsterdam : Elsevier
  • Taylor & Francis
  • 2015-2019  (27)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (7)
  • 2019  (27)
  • 1977  (7)
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  • 2015-2019  (27)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (7)
Year
  • 1
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    Hierarchical interlocked orthogonal faulting in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉 A nearly 20-year hiatus in major seismic activity in southern California ended on 4 July 2019 with a sequence of intersecting earthquakes near the city of Ridgecrest, California. This sequence included a foreshock with a moment magnitude (〈i〉M〈/i〉〈sub〉w〈/sub〉) of 6.4 followed by a 〈i〉M〈/i〉〈sub〉w〈/sub〉 7.1 mainshock nearly 34 hours later. Geodetic, seismic, and seismicity data provided an integrative view of this sequence, which ruptured an unmapped multiscale network of interlaced orthogonal faults. This complex fault geometry persists over the entire seismogenic depth range. The rupture of the mainshock terminated only a few kilometers from the major regional Garlock fault, triggering shallow creep and a substantial earthquake swarm. The repeated occurrence of multifault ruptures, as revealed by modern instrumentation and analysis techniques, poses a formidable challenge in quantifying regional seismic hazards.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A Bayesian Monte-Carlo Inversion of Spatial Auto-Correlation (SPAC) for Near-Surface Vs Structure Applied to both Broadband and Geophone Data (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Summary〈/div〉We propose a new Bayesian method to reveal the 〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 structure of the near surface of the earth using spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) functions and apply this new method to synthetic, broadband, and geophone datasets. The principle of SPAC is introduced, and an implementation of the Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion (BMCI) for modeling SPAC coherency functions is described. To demonstrate its effectiveness, BMCI is applied to synthetic tests, data from 14 SPAC array sites in the Salt Lake Valley (SLV), Utah, and two arrays (one broadband and one geophone) located in south central Utah. The 〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 models derived from previous SPAC analysis of the 14 SLV sites differ by 10 per cent at most from those determined by BMCI and lie within uncertainties determined for the BMCI models. These agreements demonstrate the effectiveness of the BMCI method. The synthetic tests and applications to the SLV SPAC data show BMCI has great potential to resolve 〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 structure down to at least 400 m. To achieve resolution for deeper 〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 structure, longer duration deployments, wider array apertures, and additional seismometers or geophones can be employed. Additionally, when the target frequencies are greater than 0.1 Hz, there is no apparent disadvantage in using geophone data for BMCI compared to broadband data. Most significantly, BMCI places a quantifiable constraint on the uncertainties of the 〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 models as well as 〈span〉Vs30〈/span〉.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 3
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    From marine bands to hybrid flows: Sedimentology of a Mississippian black shale (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Organic‐rich mudstones have long been of interest as conventional and unconventional source rocks and are an important organic carbon sink. Yet the processes that deposited organic‐rich muds in epicontinental seaways are poorly understood, partly because few modern analogues exist. This study investigates the processes that transported and deposited sediment and organic matter through part of the Bowland Shale Formation, from the Mississippian Rheic–Tethys seaway. Field to micron‐scale sedimentological analysis reveals a heterogeneous succession of carbonate‐rich, siliceous, and siliciclastic, argillaceous muds. Deposition of these facies at basinal and slope locations was moderated by progradation of the nearby Pendle delta system, fourth‐order eustatic sea‐level fluctuation and localized block‐and‐basin tectonism. Marine transgressions deposited bioclastic ‘marine band' (hemi)pelagic packages. These include abundant euhaline macrofaunal tests, and phosphatic concretions of organic matter and radiolarian tests interpreted as faecal pellets sourced from a productive water column. Lens‐rich (lenticular) mudstones, hybrid, debrite and turbidite beds successively overlie marine band packages and suggest reducing basin accommodation promoted sediment deposition via laminar and hybrid flows sourced from the basin margins. Mud lenses in lenticular mudstones lack organic linings and bioclasts and are equant in early‐cemented lenses and in plan‐view and are largest and most abundant in mudstones overlying marine band packages. Thus, lenses likely represent partially consolidated mud clasts that were scoured and transported in bedload from the shelf or proximal slope, as a ‘shelf to basin' conveyor, during periods of reduced basin accommodation. Candidate in situ microbial mats in strongly lenticular mudstones, and as rip‐up fragments in the down‐dip hybrid beds, suggest that these were potentially key biostabilizers of mud. Deltaic mud export was fast, despite the intrabasinal complexity, likely an order of magnitude higher than similar successions deposited in North America. Epicontinental basins remotely linked to delta systems were therefore capable of rapidly accumulating both sediment and organic matter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0037-0746
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3091
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Characterization of crustal structure by comparing reflectivity patterns of wide-angle and near vertical seismic data from the Parnaíba Basin, Brazil (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉SUMMARY〈/div〉Recently an ambitious experiment combining deep seismic surveys from near-vertical and wide-angle acquisition methods was carried out in Brazil. The seismic lines are essentially coincident and crossed the Parnaíba Basin from west to east near latitude 5°S. Here, the wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) and deep seismic reflection (DSR) results, which were previously interpreted independently, are compared by directly correlating WARR interfaces converted to TWTT with the major reflective horizons identified in the zero-offset image and by considering coincident reflectivity patterns displayed in both data sets. This integrated WARR and DSR analysis allowed a spatial association of the apparently acoustically featureless crust imaged in the DSR profile to the high reflectivity observed in the WARR data. Numerical tests and elastic modelling show that variations of the elastic properties of the crust, particularly as they are characterized by low 〈span〉Vp〈/span〉 and 〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 contrasts with a possible increase of the 〈span〉Vp〈/span〉/〈span〉Vs〈/span〉 ratio, can only weakly explain the observed reflectivity patterns but that fine-scale lithological heterogeneity within the crust is capable of replicating the observed contrasting seismic responses. The segment of the Parnaíba Basin crust that is characterized by fine-scale lithological heterogeneity lies directly above a mafic crustal underplate defined by the WARR model and was named as the Grajaú domain on the basis of WARR-derived velocity model. The applied methodologies allow added value to be taken from the independent seismic data sets and provide new information about crustal structure that may have important implications for overlying intracontinental basin evolution.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
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    Source‐Dependent Amplification of Earthquake Ground Motions in Deep Sedimentary Basins (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Deep sedimentary basins amplify long‐period shaking from seismic waves, increasing the seismic hazard for cities sited on such basins. We perform 3‐D simulations of point source earthquakes distributed around the Seattle and Tacoma basins in Washington State to examine the dependence of basin amplification on source azimuth, depth, and earthquake type. For periods between 1 and 10 s, the pattern of amplification is spatially heterogeneous and differs considerably with the source‐to‐site azimuth. For close‐in earthquakes, the greatest basin amplification occurs toward the farside of the basin and ground motions from crustal earthquakes experience greater amplification than those from more vertically incident, deeper intraplate earthquakes. Love and Rayleigh waves form similar spatial patterns for a given source location, although the magnitude of amplification varies. The source dependence of basin amplification is an important factor for seismic hazard assessment, in both the Seattle and Tacoma basins, and by extension for deep sedimentary basins worldwide.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Extreme Water Levels for Australian Beaches using Empirical Equations for Shoreline Wave Setup (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Empirical equations for wave breaking and wave setup are compared with archived shoreline wave setup measurements to investigate the contribution of wind‐waves to extreme Mean Total Water Levels (MTWL, the mean height of the shoreline), for natural beaches exposed to open ocean wind‐waves. A broad range of formulations are compared through linear regression and quantile regression analysis of the highest measured values. Shoreline wave setup equations are selected based on the availability of local beach slope data and the ability of the quantile regression to show a good representation of the highest measured levels. Wave parameters from an existing spectral wave hindcast are used as input to the selected equations and are combined with a storm‐tide time series to quantify the relative contribution of shoreline wave setup to the extreme MTWL climate along Australian beaches. A multi‐pass analysis is provided to understand the ability to capture the shoreline wave setup estimates with and without considering beach slope. The national scale analysis which does not include beach slope indicates there are multiple contributing factors to MTWL. Examples are provided at two locations of differing local beach slope to show the importance of including local beach slope in determining the contribution of waves to MTWL. A tool is in development for further investigation of wave setup for Australian beaches.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    A new case of kleptoplasty in animals: Marine flatworms steal functional plastids from diatoms (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉To date, sea slugs have been considered the only animals known to sequester functional algal plastids into their own cells, via a process called "kleptoplasty." We report here, however, that endosymbionts in the marine flatworms 〈i〉Baicalellia solaris〈/i〉 and 〈i〉Pogaina paranygulgus〈/i〉 are isolated plastids stolen from diatoms. Ultrastructural data show that kleptoplasts are located within flatworm cells, while algal nuclei and other organelles are absent. Transcriptomic analysis and 〈i〉rbcL〈/i〉 amplicons confirm the absence of algal nuclear mRNA and reveal that the plastids originate from different species of diatoms. Laboratory experiments demonstrated photosynthetic activity and short-term retention of kleptoplasts in starved worms. This lineage of flatworms represents the first known case of functional kleptoplasty involving diatoms and only the second known case of kleptoplasty across the entire tree of animals.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Experimental investigations into the influence of biofilms and environmental factors on short‐term microtopographic fluctuations of supratidal sandstone (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The microtopography of two sandstone blocks with and without colonization of biofilms were measured with a traversing micro‐erosoin meter (TMEM) under different simulated environmental conditions. Two‐hourly microtopographic fluctuations of supratidal sandstone were mainly induced by the colonized biofilms and influenced by environmental factors. By increasing the magnitude and number of cycles of expansion and contraction, lithobiontic biofilms were proposed to play an erosive role in rock decay at hourly scale. Abstract In this study laboratory experiments were used to explore the role of biofilms, formed by lithobiontic microorganism communities, in causing hourly surface changes of supratidal sandstone and the potential linkage to long‐term rock decay. To isolate the influence of individual environmental factors (temperature and humidity) on rock surface changes (expansion and contraction), a colonized (biofilm‐covered) and a non‐colonized sandstone block (biofilm‐free) underwent the same univariate microclimatic simulations closely controlled by an environmental chamber. Simulations were run under three different light conditions, with a natural light lamp on, on and off at 20‐min intervals and off, to investigate the impact of light on rock surface dynamics. Measured with a traversing micro‐erosion meter (TMEM), two‐hourly microtopographic fluctuations of these two sandstone blocks were compared in the same environment. Induced by microclimatic variations, surface movements of significantly higher magnitude (12–120% under varying tempeature and 121–154% under varying humidity) and different change patterns were observed on the colonized block, indicating the primary role of biofilm in driving microtopographic fluctuations of supratidal sandstone. However, thermally driven changes of similar magnitude and pattern were observed on both surfaces, suggesting other mechanisms also operating on the non‐colonized rock surface in this process. Due to the sensitivity of biofilm microorganism communities to light, the magnitude and pattern of surface changes was impacted by light condition. Because biofilms increased the magnitude and number of cycles of expansion and contraction of the experimental rock surface, we propose that lithobiontic biofilms facilitate the detachment of grains and granular disintegration on the rock surface, consequently contributing to rock decay and accelerating the rate of breakdown of supratidal rock. This short‐term episode therefore needs to be superimposed on longer term studies to fully understand the role of biofilms in rock surface change. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0360-1269
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9837
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    The ensemble‐adjusted Ignorance Score for forecasts issued as normal distributions (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Ensemble forecasts are routinely used as a basis for probabilistic predictions. The skill of probabilistic predictions derived from ensemble forecasts depends on the number of ensemble members. We derive a new verification score, called the ensemble‐adjusted Ignorance Score, which can correct for the effect of limited ensemble size and therefore allows for a more robust comparison of forecasts based on different ensemble sizes. The unadjusted Ignorance Score (solid line) depends on the ensemble size m, assigning higher (worse) scores to smaller ensembles drawn from the same forecast distribution. The ensemble‐adjusted Ignorance Score (dashed line) proposed here does not depend on ensemble size and thus allows for a fair comparison of equivalent ensembles of different sizes. This study considers the application of the Ignorance Score (IS, also known as the Logarithmic Score) for ensemble verification. In particular, we consider the case where an ensemble forecast is transformed to a normal forecast distribution, and this distribution is evaluated by the IS. It is shown that the IS systematically depends on the ensemble size, such that larger ensembles yield better expected scores. An ensemble‐adjusted IS is proposed, which extrapolates the score of an m‐member ensemble to the score that the ensemble would achieve if it had fewer or more than m members. Using the ensemble adjustment, a fair version of the IS is derived, which is optimized if ensembles are statistically consistent with the observations. The benefit of the ensemble adjustment is illustrated by comparing ISs of ensembles of different sizes in a seasonal climate forecasting context and a medium‐range weather forecasting context. An ensemble‐adjusted score can be used for a fair comparison between ensembles of different sizes, and to accurately estimate the expected score of a large operational ensemble by running a much smaller hindcast ensemble.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Spatiotemporal immune zonation of the human kidney (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Tissue-resident immune cells are important for organ homeostasis and defense. The epithelium may contribute to these functions directly or by cross-talk with immune cells. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to resolve the spatiotemporal immune topology of the human kidney. We reveal anatomically defined expression patterns of immune genes within the epithelial compartment, with antimicrobial peptide transcripts evident in pelvic epithelium in the mature, but not fetal, kidney. A network of tissue-resident myeloid and lymphoid immune cells was evident in both fetal and mature kidney, with postnatal acquisition of transcriptional programs that promote infection-defense capabilities. Epithelial-immune cross-talk orchestrated localization of antibacterial macrophages and neutrophils to the regions of the kidney most susceptible to infection. Overall, our study provides a global overview of how the immune landscape of the human kidney is zonated to counter the dominant immunological challenge.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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