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  • 1
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions - Phase 1 of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An initial experiment has been conducted to verify geostationary-satellite-derived cloud motion wind estimates with in situ aircraft wind velocity measurements. Case histories of 1/2 to 2 h were obtained for 3-10 km diameter cumulus cloud systems on 6 days. Also, one cirrus cloud case was obtained. In most cases the clouds were discrete enough that both the cloud motion and the ambient wind could be measured with the same aircraft Inertial Navigation System (INS). Since the INS drift error is the same for both the cloud motion and wind measurements, the drift error drops out of the relative motion determinations. The magnitude of the vector difference between the cloud motion and the ambient wind at the cloud base averaged 1.2 m/sec. The wind vector at higher levels in the cloud layer differed by about 3 to 5 m/sec from the cloud motion vector.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Wind measurement system (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system for remotely measuring vertical and horizontal winds present in discrete volumes of air at selected locations above the ground is described. A laser beam is optically focused in range by a telescope, and the output beam is conically scanned at an angle about a vertical axis. The backscatter, or reflected light, from the ambient particulates in a volume of air, the focal volume, is detected for shifts in wavelength, and from these, horizontal and vertical wind components are computed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions - Preliminary results from phases I, II and III of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The accuracy of wind estimates derived from cloud motion is under investigation. Aircraft measurements of the ambient wind field have been compared with simultaneous inertial navigation system descriptions of the extent and motion of 40 tropical cumulus and 5 cirrus clouds. Preliminary results indicate that cloud-motion wind estimates are sufficiently accurate to be used in sensitive divergence, vorticity, and vertical motion calculations. The magnitude of the vector difference between the cirrus cloud velocity and the mean wind of the cloud layer was found to be about 1.6 m/sec. The major source of error is thought to be in determination of the position of the cloud. In the case of cumulus clouds, the magnitude of the vector difference between the aircraft-measured cloud motion and the cloud-base wind is less than 1.3 m/sec.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor and liquid water with the Nimbus 5 microwave spectrometer (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Nimbus 5 satellite is provided with a passive microwave spectrometer (NEMS) incorporating channels at 22.235 and 31.4 GHz to measure atmospheric water vapor and liquid water over ocean. The discussion covers principles of atmospheric water determination, accuracy of measurements, observations of specific storms and fronts, and observations of water vapor and liquid water on a global scale. The NEMS experiment has demonstrated the ability of a two-channel microwave spectrometer to determine integrated abundances of water vapor and liquid water with estimated rms accuracies of 0.2 and 0.01 g per sq cm, respectively. The data can be used to plot global maps or accumulate global statistics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Determination of statistics for any rotation of axes of a bivariate normal elliptical distribution (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Transformation of statistics from a dimensional set to another dimensional set involves linear functions of the original set of statistics. Similarly, linear functions will transform statistics within a dimensional set such that the new statistics are relevant to a new set of coordinate axes. A restricted case of the latter is the rotation of axes in a coordinate system involving any two correlated random variables. A special case is the transformation for horizontal wind distributions. Wind statistics are usually provided in terms of wind speed and direction (measured clockwise from north) or in east-west and north-south components. A direct application of this technique allows the determination of appropriate wind statistics parallel and normal to any preselected flight path of a space vehicle. Among the constraints for launching space vehicles are critical values selected from the distribution of the expected winds parallel to and normal to the flight path. These procedures are applied to space vehicle launches at Cape Kennedy, Florida.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Meteorological interpretations of the images from the Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) is useful in determining the extent, structure, and intensity of rainfall over oceans. It is possible on the basis of rainfall maps to determine the location of frontal rain, rain/snow boundaries, and the structure of tropical storms. ESMR data on rainfall over the east coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, on snowfall over the northeast coast of the United States, on frontal zones in the northwestern Pacific and on the tropical storm Leila in the South Indian Ocean are examined. Because of the generally high emissivities of land surfaces, interpretation of meteorological parameters over land is not yet possible.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    A multispectral cloud type identification method developed for tropical ocean areas with Nimbus-3 MRIR measurements (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A four-channel multispectral cloud type identification technique is developed on the basis of Nimbus-3 Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) measurements, with the four channels being spectrally located at 0.2-4.0, 6.5-7, 10-11, and 20-23 microns. The technique requires the use of a radiative transfer model with information on the vertical temperature and moisture profiles and climatological knowledge of the upper boundaries of cloud surfaces associated with expected cloud types within a given area. Experimental verification of the technique indicates that deletion of the 20-23 micron channel has no adverse effect on method capability, and that the 6.5-7 micron channel alone is well suited for successful mapping of the areas where cirrus is reasonably dense, while indicating the regions where cirrus is not present.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 104; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    An iterative algorithm for objective wind field analysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three different algorithms for objective wind field analysis were tested on the same set of initial conditions: Dickerson-Sasaki's 'strong constraint' algorithm, a fixed-vorticity algorithm, and a newly proposed fixed-station-velocity algorithm. The three methods are compared with respect to the degree of minimization of wind divergence and the accuracy of wind data at a measured station. The first two techniques, though they reduce wind divergence, produce wind vectors substantially different from the observed values. The proposed iterative scheme is similar to Endlich's (1967) procedure for treating a macroscale wind field, and minimizes divergence while retaining the observed wind vectors.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 104; June 197
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Modeling the urban boundary layer (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A summary and evaluation is given of the Workshop on Modeling the Urban Boundary Layer; held in Las Vegas on May 5, 1975. Edited summaries from each of the session chairpersons are also given. The sessions were: (1) formulation and solution techniques, (2) K-theory versus higher order closure, (3) surface heat and moisture balance, (4) initialization and boundary problems, (5) nocturnal boundary layer, and (6) verification of models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73099 , A-6347
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Exponential approximation for daily average solar heating or photolysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: When incorporating formulations of instantaneous solar heating or photolytic rates as functions of altitude and sun angle into long range forecasting models, it may be desirable to replace the time integrals by daily average rates that are simple functions of latitude and season. This replacement is accomplished by approximating the integral over the solar day by a pure exponential. This gives a daily average rate as a multiplication factor times the instantaneous rate evaluated at an appropriate sun angle. The accuracy of the exponential approximation is investigated by a sample calculation using an instantaneous ozone heating formulation available in the literature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; July 197
    Format: text
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