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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (167)
  • 1975-1979  (167)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1976  (167)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 1 (1976), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The chemical mechanisms for the action of flame retardants are often mentioned in the literature but the physical modes of action are seldom. Discussed. This article presents one way to quantify their efficiency. The technique is based on literature data for the physical and thermal properties of flams retardants for temperatures from 25°C up to 1000°C. The prolongation of the time to ignition by heat absorption by the retardant and the amount of inert gas evolved by the retardant are calculated at a given radiation for a material flame-proofed with a given amount of the flame retardant. The ability to form an insulating surface layer is considered but not quantified. It is assumed that a medium density wood fibre building boards is treated with 2 kg of flame retardant per m2. The flame retardants included are borates, boric acid, phosphates and silicates. The board is assumed to be irradiated with an intensity of 15 k W m-2. Under these conditions an untreated board ignites after 6-7 min. The time to ignition is prolonged by 1-5 min through heat absorption by the different retardants, and the amount of inert gases evolved may be as high as 2.6 m3 per m2 board. The formation of an insulating surface layer is more difficult to quantify. The results confirm the importance of the physical modes of action of flame retardants and the technique could form the basis for evaluating materials in simulated fire situations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 809-812 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Currently there is widespread use of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular components in total joint replacement prostheses. What has been most surprising about the wear of UHMWPE under such circumstances is the occurrence of brittle fracture. Such fracture had not been observed in the usual engineering tests done in the laboratory on UHMWPE. It was only when prosthese which had been removed from patients were examined or run in hip joint simulators with serum or synovial fluid as the lubricant, that brittle fracture was encountered. The problem of environment-enhanced brittle fracture in plastics dates back to 1946. Interestingly, the phenomenon was first described in polyethylene. The prime variables involved are polymer molecular weight, sensitizing environment, stress filed, and temperature. Other things being equal, brittle behavior in polyethylene is extremely sensitive to the amount of low molecular weight polymer present. In the light of the foregoing we have studied the molecular weight distribution in six commercially available UHMWPE components. These were obtained from six different manufacturers. The specimens were characterized both on their bearing (wear) surfaces and in their interior bulk. The results obtained indicate that: 1The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of low molecular weight polymer.2The UHMWPE components differ significantly in molecular weight distribution.3The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of crosslinked polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 3175-3183 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The scope of graft reactions to produce starch-based latexes was extended by graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto gelatinized cationic starch possessing quaternary amine functionality and by graft terpolymerization of AN and t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (TBAEM) onto gelatinized starch by cerium (IV) initiation at 25°C. Grafting onto starches containing highly basic quaternary amines gave polyacrylonitrile [poly(AN)] grafts having about one fourth the number-average molecular weight (M̄n) (178,000-232,000) of those produced by grafting AN onto starches containing the less basic tertiary amine groups. Sonification at 20 KHz of graft polymerization reaction mixtures having up to 8% solids reduced viscosities from 400-3000 cP to 10-40 cP. Diameters of dried particles measured about 300-1500 Å. Shaker-type agitation during grafting onto starch having quaternary amine groups produced poly(AN) chains with lower M̄n values than those produced during blade stirrer-type agitation. M̄n values of grafted poly(AN) decreased with increasing reaction time, degree of substitution of amine in the starch, gelation time of cationic starch at 95°C, and cerium (IV) concentration. AN was copolymerized with TBAEM at molar ratios of 14-85:1 in grafting onto gelatinized starch to yield copolymer side-chain grafts analyzing 8-52:1 of polymerized AN to TBAEM moieties.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 10 (1976), S. 503-509 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Procedures for applying nonporous bioglass coatings to fully dense, high-purity alumina are described. By altering firing temperatures and number of coatings, the rate of surface reactivity of the coated alumina can be varied. Bonding of bioglass-coated alumina to rat bones is reported as early as three weeks.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 10 (1976), S. 695-731 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biocompatibility of nitinol alloy as a potential implant material was investigated through in vivo studies on beagles. A high-purity alloy was fabricated into prototype bone plates and implanted into the femurs of beagles. Commercial cobalt-chromium (Co—Cr) alloy bone plates served as reference controls, and additional control data were obtained from beagles subjected to “sham” operations.The bone plates were removed from the animals and examined after exposures of 3, 6, 12, and 17 months. There was no evidence of either localized or of general corrosion on the surfaces of the bone plates and screws. Gross clinical, radiological, and morphological observations of the tissue at the implantation sites during the autopsies uncovered no signs of adverse tissue reactions resulting from the implants. Histological analyses were performed on samples of muscle and bone adjacent to the implantation sites, and of tissues removed from such organs as the liver, spleen, brain, and kidneys. No significant differences were noted between samples taken from controls and those taken from dogs exposed to the implants. Neutron activation analyses were carried out on suitable samples. The analysis data suggest that there is no metallic contamination in the organs due to the implants; however, there does appear to be some chromium contamination from the Co—Cr alloy implants in the adjacent bone.On the basis of the totality of the data, it is concluded that nitinol alloy is sufficiently compatible with dog tissue to warrant further investigation of its potential as a biomaterial.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theory is proposed stating that an ideal implant material must have a dynamic surface chemistry that induces histological changes at the implant interface which would normally occur if the implant were not present. Evidence for the validity of this theory is provided with a series of bone-implant studies which result in stable interfacial osteogenesis under specific implant surface chemistry conditions. Insufficient or excess surface ion concentrations produce negative osteogenesis and fixation results. Implantation of osteogenic implants in soft tissues also produces undesirable histological responses as proposed in the theory. A variety of surface chemical analyses of the implant are reviewed which provide a scientific basis for the implant surface theory.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 10 (1976), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A bioglass-coated fully dense alumina total hip was evaluated in sheep without using polymer bone “cement.” After 3 months following surgery, both the acetabular cup and femoral stem component were firmly attached to bone. Histologic and radiographic analysis of the bone-implant interface showed regions of woven and even lamellar bone formation where high load transmission occurred. In regions of low loading or poor fit, a pseudosynovial fibrous lining was present.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 10 (1976), S. 907-928 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A model for in vitro evaluation of materials for use as neural stimulation electrodes is developed. Critical areas of concern in developing an in vitro test model discussed include: selection of environment, choice of material, design of stimulating equipment, and analytical procedures used to evaluate materials response. A method of providing quantitative analysis of materials response to stimulation conditions is presented. Evaluation techniques involve the use of scanning electron microscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, and potentiographic and dielectric analysis of the test electrodes. A diagnostics matrix is presented which assigns a scale factor to quantify the relative corrosion response of the candidate materials. The corrosion response of Pt electrodes is evaluated in terms of scale factors assigned through use of the diagnostics matrix.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibitors of corrosion 19 (1). Autoxidation studies on Fe2+-trimethylene-1,3-bisphosphonate as a model of a corrosion inhibiting surface layerThe autoxidation rate of Fe2+ salts depends on the pH value and is practically equal to zero at pH 2 and very high at pH 5-7. Addition of trimethylene-1,3-bis-phosphonic acid slows down autoxidation and gives rise to an increase in oxygen consumption; this resulting consumption is higher than might be explained by the stoichiometry of the Fe2+ oxidation. This fact may be explained by the oxidative conversion of trimethylene-1,3-bis-phosphonic acid to phosphoric acid with salts of trivalent iron being precipitated. These Fe3+-bis-phosphonates are precipitated in a tridimensional network; the Fe:P ratio is between 0.5 and 0.9 and the Fe:P ratio is between 0.5 and 0.9 and decreases as the pH of the system is decreased.
    Notes: Die Autoxidationsgeschwindigkeit der Fe2+. Salze ist stark abhängig vom pH und ist bei pH 2 praktisch gleich Null, bei pH 5-7 sehr hoch. Durch Zusatz von Trimethylen-1,3-bis-phosphonsäure wird die Autoxidation etwas verlangsamt und der Sauerstoffverbrauch stärker erhöht als es der Stöchiometrie der Fe2+-Oxidation entspricht. Dieser Umstand erklärt sich durch den oxidativen Abbau der Trimethylen-1,3-bis-phosphonsäure zu Phosphorsäure, wobei Salze des dreiwertigen Eisens als Niederschlag ausfallen. Diese Fe3+-bis-phosphonate sind dreidimensional vernetzt; das Fe:P-Verhältnis liegt zwischen 0.5 und 0.9 und wird mit abnehmendem pH-Wert geringer.
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