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  • 1
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    Stratospheric areal distribution of water vapor burden and the jet stream (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiometrically inferred areal observations of the atmospheric water vapor burden have been made in the 270 to 520 per cm spectral band over western U.S. and the extreme eastern Pacific from the NASA C-141 Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Before this, very few observations from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over such a broad area have been made. A total of 30,600 individual observations from eight separate synoptic situations involving eight jet maxima were computer-averaged over 2-deg latitude x 2-deg longitude boxes and related to the polar continental jet. Mean water vapor burdens ranged from 0.00046 to 0.00143 g per sq cm at 13.4 km with a striking peak just north of the jet wind maximum over a region of strong upward vertical motion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Sept
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Time series analysis of sferics rate data associated with severe weather patterns (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data obtained by an electronic transducer measuring the rate of occurrence of electrical disturbances in the atmosphere (the sferic rate in the form of a time series) over the life of electrical storms are analyzed. It is found that the sferic rate time series are not stationary. The sferics rate time series has a complete life cycle associated with a particular storm. The approach to recognition of a spectral pattern is somewhat similar to real-time recognition of the spoken word.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Annual Pittsburgh Conference on Modeling and simulation; Apr 26, 1976 - Apr 27, 1976; Pittsburgh, PA
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Classification and machine recognition of severe weather patterns (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Forecasting and warning of severe weather conditions are treated from the vantage point of pattern recognition by machine. Pictorial patterns and waveform patterns are distinguished. Time series data on sferics are dealt with by considering waveform patterns. A severe storm patterns recognition machine is described, along with schemes for detection via cross-correlation of time series (same channel or different channels). Syntactic and decision-theoretic approaches to feature extraction are discussed. Active and decayed tornados and thunderstorms, lightning discharges, and funnels and their related time series data are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition; Nov 08, 1976 - Nov 11, 1976; Coronado, CA
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Test of the principle of operation of a wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The principle of operation of a wideband crossed-loop magnetic-field direction finder is studied by comparing the bearing determined from the NS and EW magnetic fields at various times up to 155 microsec after return stroke initiation with the TV-determined lightning channel base direction. For 40 lightning strokes in the 3 to 12 km range, the difference between the bearings found from magnetic fields sampled at times between 1 and 10 microsec and the TV channel-base data has a standard deviation of 3-4 deg. Included in this standard deviation is a 2-3 deg measurement error. For fields sampled at progressively later times, both the mean and the standard deviation of the difference between the direction-finder bearing and the TV bearing increase. Near 150 microsec, means are about 35 deg and standard deviations about 60 deg. The physical reasons for the late-time inaccuracies in the wideband direction finder and the occurrence of these effects in narrow-band VLF direction finders are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Conceptual design of an airborne laser Doppler velocimeter system for studying wind fields associated with severe local storms (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An airborne laser Doppler velocimeter was evaluated for diagnostics of the wind field associated with an isolated severe thunderstorm. Two scanning configurations were identified, one a long-range (out to 10-20 km) roughly horizontal plane mode intended to allow probing of the velocity field around the storm at the higher altitudes (4-10 km). The other is a shorter range (out to 1-3 km) mode in which a vertical or horizontal plane is scanned for velocity (and possibly turbulence), and is intended for diagnostics of the lower altitude region below the storm and in the out-flow region. It was concluded that aircraft flight velocities are high enough and severe storm lifetimes are long enough that a single airborne Doppler system, operating at a range of less than about 20 km, can view the storm area from two or more different aspects before the storm characteristics change appreciably.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-149933 , PD-B-76-118
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Study of the relationship between solar activity and terrestrial weather (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Evidence for some connection between weather and solar related phenomena is presented. Historical data of world wide temperature variations with relationship to change in solar luminosity are examined. Several test methods for estimating the statistical significance of such phenomena are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-148541 , SU-IPR-671
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Electric field statistics for close lightning return strokes near Gainesville, Florida (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The salient properties of the electric field intensity from first and subsequent lightning return strokes in the 0-25 km distance range near Gainesville, Fla., are presented, including electric field wave shape versus distance, initial peak rise time versus distance, rise time histograms, initial peak magnitude versus distance, normalized (to 100 km) initial peak magnitude histograms, normalized initial peak magnitude versus rise time, ramp starting time versus distance, and field at 170 microsec versus distance. The mean normalized initial peak field for first return strokes was 9.9 V/m and for subsequent strokes, 5.7 V/m. The maximum measured values of normalized initial peak field were about 30 V/m. The largest field recorded at 170 microsec was about 25 kV/m generated by a first stroke within 0.5 km. Return strokes were found to lower a typical charge of the order of 1 C in 170 microsec.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 20
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    The effects of spherical geometry on baroclinic instability (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A baroclinic stability analysis is performed for a simple family of zonal shear profiles over a sphere, using a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic model. The stability properties and the structure of the most unstable waves are qualitatively similar to those on a beta-plane. However, the spherical geometry plays a major role in locating some of the important features of the most unstable waves. In particular, the locations of the maximum wave amplitude, maximum eddy heat fluxes, and maximum convergence of the eddy angular momentum flux are all well correlated with the location of the maximum excess of the vertical shear over the minimum value necessary for local instability on a sphere. Consequently the eddy momentum flux tends to generate a mid-latitude jet even if there is no preexisting mid-latitude jet in the basic state zonal flow. These findings suggest some of the elements needed for parameterizing the meridional variations of baroclinic eddy fluxes accurately.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Electrostatic field changes produced by Florida lightning (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The electrical behavior of thunderstorms triggered by local heating and sea-breeze convergence, a low pressure disturbance, and a weak frontal passage has been studied at the NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida. A nonlinear least-squares minimization procedure has been developed to describe changes in the total electrostatic field produced by lightning in terms of point charge models for the cloud charge distributions. The results indicate that discharges to ground usually neutralize cloud charges in the range from -10 to -40 C. The computed charge altitudes for Florida are somewhat higher than for other geographical locations, 6 to 9.5 km, but the corresponding ambient air temperatures, -10 to -34 C, are similar. A large fraction of the discharges to ground show total field changes which are small or even reversed in polarity within 3 km of the discharges. It is suggested that ground discharges often neutralize a small positive charge, 0.5 to 4 C at altitudes of 1 to 3 km, in addition to the larger negative charge higher in the cloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Position paper on the potential of inadvertent weather modification of the Florida peninsula resulting from the stabilized ground cloud (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Based on the climatology of the Florida Peninsula, we assessed the risk for weather modification. Certain weather situations warrant launch rescheduling because of the risk of possible impact on hurricanes, hail formation and lightning activity, strong wind developments, and intensification of high rainfall rates. The cumulative effects of 40 launches per year on weather modification were found to be insignificant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-151199 , REPT-1
    Format: application/pdf
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