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  • SPACE RADIATION  (139)
  • 2020-2024
  • 2010-2014
  • 1970-1974  (139)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1974  (139)
  • 1
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    Cosmic ray anisotropies observed late in the decay phase of solar flare events (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data was obtained from instrumentation on Explorers 34 and 41 on cosmic-ray anisotropy and magnetic field vectors during five solar flare events. The analysis was conducted in the energy range from 0.7 to 7.6 MeV, of the late decay phase, to evaluate the dependence of net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector amplitude and direction on the magnetic field azimuth. Results showed that in the late decay phase the direction of the net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector was invariant in relation to the direction of the magnetic field, particle energy, and species. Within the statistical error of the available data the invariant direction was perpendicular to the mean magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 38; Sept
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  • 2
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    A comparison of cosmic ray anisotropies and interplanetary magnetic field data late in a solar flare (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 17, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Denver, CO
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  • 3
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    Measured and Calculated Neutron Spectra and Dose Equivalent Rates at High Altitudes; Relevance to SST Operations and Space Research (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of the NASA Langley-New York University high-altitude radiation study are presented. Measurements of the absorbed dose rate and of secondary fast neutrons (1 to 10 MeV energy) during the years 1965 to 1971 are used to determine the maximum radiation exposure from galactic and solar cosmic rays of supersonic transport (SST) and subsonic jet occupants. The maximum dose equivalent rates that the SST crews might receive turn out to be 13 to 20 percent of the maximum permissible dose rate (MPD) for radiation workers (5 rem/yr). The exposure of passengers encountering an intense giant-energy solar particle event could exceed the MPD for the general population (0.5 rem/yr), but would be within these permissible limits if in such rare cases the transport descends to subsonic altitude; it is in general less than 12 percent of the MPD. By Monte Carlo calculations of the transport and buildup of nucleons in air for incident proton energies E of 0.02 to 10 GeV, the measured neutron spectra were extrapolated to lower and higher energies and for galactic cosmic rays were found to continue with a relatively high intensity to energies greater than 400 MeV, in a wide altitude range. This condition, together with the measured intensity profiles of fast neutrons, revealed that the biologically important fast and energetic neutrons penetrate deep into the atmosphere and contribute approximately 50 percent of the dose equivalant rates at SST and present subsonic jet altitudes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7715 , L-9389
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Determination of the radial gradient in the region 0.81-1.0 AU using both high- and low-energy /more than 10-GeV and more than 52-MeV/ detectors for the 1-AU monitor (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A determination of the radial gradient for alpha particles (31-46 MeV/nuc) and protons with energies above 7.5 MeV and 44-77 MeV in the region 1.0-0.81 AU is presented for the solar-quiet year 1966. The determinations are based on data from the Pioneer 6 space probe. Two different detectors are used: the Deep River neutron monitor and measurements of low energy protons made on the IMP-C satellite. The average energy response of the Deep River monitor is 16 GeV, whereas the IMP-C data is for protons with energies above 50 MeV. The resulting radial gradient is found to be nearly zero for the alpha particles and slightly negative for the protons. The same qualitative results were found using the IMP-C data and the Deep River neutron monitor to measure the temporal variation in the cosmic ray intensity. The present analysis indicates that detectors over a wide range of energies are suitable for measuring the radial gradient, providing sufficient statistical precision is obtained to evaluate short-term modulation and the azimuthal separation of the detectors is not great.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 17, 1974 - Jun 22, 1974; Sao Paulo; Brazil
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  • 5
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    The interaction between an impact-produced neutral gas cloud and the solar wind at the lunar surface (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: On Apr. 15, 1970, the Apollo 13 S-IVB stage impacted the nighttime lunar surface. Beginning 20 sec after impact, the Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment and the Solar Wind Spectrometer observed a large flux of positive ions (maximum flux of about 3 x 10 to the 8th ions/sq cm/sec/ster) and electrons. Two separate streams of ions were observed: a horizontal flux that appeared to be deflected solar wind ions and a smaller vertical flux of predominantly heavy ions (greater than 10 amu), which probably were material vaporized from the S-IVB stage. An examination of the data shows that collisions between neutral molecules and hot electrons (50 eV) were probably an important ionization mechanism in the impact-produced neutral gas cloud. These electrons, which were detected by the Solar Wind Spectrometer, are thought to have been energized in a shock front or some form of intense interaction region between the cloud and the solar wind. Thus strong ionization and acceleration are seen under conditions approaching a collisionless state.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 6
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    Enrichment of heavy nuclei in the April 17, 1972 solar flare (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic ray nuclei from the April 17, 1972 solar flare were recorded in polycarbonate plastic and phosphate glass track detectors exposed on the Apollo 16 flight. The energy spectra of iron group nuclei and of carbon and heavier nuclei were measured down to about 0.02 MeV/nucleon, revealing that the enrichment of iron relative to carbon and heavier nuclei increases markedly in this very low energy region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 17, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Denver, CO
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Chemical composition of cosmic rays with Z greater than or equal to 30 and E greater than or equal to 325 MeV/N (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented on the chemical composition of VVH cosmic rays from a series of six high-altitude balloon flights of a large-area, high-resolution electronic detector. The charge composition in the 32 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 45 interval is found to be inconsistent with S-process nucleosynthesis. The energy spectrum of particles with Z greater than or equal to 32 between 600 and 1500 MeV/N at the top of the atmosphere is measured and is found to be consistent with the 25 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 27 group within experimental error.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 17, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Denver, CO
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  • 8
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    Cosmic rays - Astronomy with energetic particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: All nuclei in the periodic table of the elements, as well as electrons and positrons, are present in the stream of cosmic-ray particles. The cosmic-ray particles constitute the only sample of matter from outside the solar system which reaches the earth. Some of the most accurate knowledge of the extrasolar-element abundance distribution is based on the study of these particles. Observational data concerning the cosmic rays are discussed along with cosmic-ray sources, questions of particle interactions and propagation, the electron spectrum, and the significance of the positron component. The directions of cosmic ray research in the immediate future are also considered, giving attention to some fundamental questions which have not yet been answered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics Today; 27; Oct. 197
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  • 9
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    AE-LEE measurements at low and mid latitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Shortly after the Low Energy Electron Experiment (LEE) on the Atmosphere Explorer-C was turned on following launch, an unexpected phenomenon was encountered at mid-latitudes, a counting rate was acquired with one maximum per roll. Recent analysis shows that these counting rates occur when the detectors are looking in the ram direction of the spacecraft and the spacecraft is near perigee, and are indeed not due to properly analyzed charged particles. After showing the probable cause of these counting rates, some upper limits to true fluxes at low altitudes in the energy range 200 eV to 25 keV from the LEE experiment are shown. OGO-4 data taken at mid-latitudes are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 10
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    Spatial distribution of soft X-ray and EUV emission associated with a chromospheric flare of importance 1B on August 2, 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Feb. 197
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