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  • Articles  (61)
  • Chemistry  (61)
  • Female
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (61)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1973  (61)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (61)
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  • Articles  (61)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (61)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cooperative molecular weight distribution test (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 269-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has provided a convenient tool for the rapid determination of molecular weight distribution. The question has arisen as to the suitability of the method for specification purposes. The present work, suggested by the Naval Air Systems Command, represents an attempt to assess the precision of the method through a series of tests carried out by a number of laboratories using identical procedures on the same samples. Ten laboratories agreed to take part. Naval Ordnance Station, Indian Head, worked out standard conditions for operation of the chromatograph, for calibration of the columns, and for analysis of the GPC curves. Two samples of polystyrene were used by the various organizations for calibration of their instruments. Number-average molecular weight, heterogeneity index, and cumulative molecular weight distribution curves were determined on four samples of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and two samples of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), all unidentified except by letter code. All laboratories used identical directions for setting up CTPB and HTPB calibration curves which were based on curves determined from vapor-pressure osmometer molecular weights and GPC count numbers of fractionated material. Variation among the different laboratories was 0.15 in heterogeneity index, and a maximum of 1200 in molecular weight provided one aberrant set of values was eliminated. The six samples had heterogeneity indices from 1.15 to 1.54, while molecular weight varied from approximately 3000 to 6000. The average coefficient of variation of the molecular weight values was 6.2 ± 0.7%, which is quite acceptable. Variation in heterogeneity index was too great for specification purposes when considered among the different laboratories, but may be sufficiently good when measured by any one laboratory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170121
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by catalyzed peroxide decomposition without applied heat (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2771-2782 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The exotherm for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate was monitored by a simple thermal technique to gain useful information about the effect of several factors on the polymerization rate and the degree of completion. All reactions were begun at room temperature (24°C) and no external heating was provided. Initiation was by decomposition of benzoyl peroxide (and mixtures with lauroyl peroxide) catalyzed by the accelerator N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine. Specific factors examined were peroxide and accelerator levels, sample size, peroxide combinations, and crosslinking agents. The results are discussed in terms of the stoichiometry of the initiator system; the balance of heat generation, heat capacity, and heat loss; and the autoacceleration effect.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170914
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmosphärische Korrosion des Eisens bei periodischer Befeuchtung (1973)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 684-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric corrosion of iron with periodic moisteningPeriodic moistening has a considerable bearing on the model of the corrosion of iron. The frequency of condensation is much more important than the duration of the existence of a condensed layer. Immediately upon condensation a steep increase of the corrosion rate is found. These periods of condensation thus control the rate and the intensity of the attack. The results of measurements concerning the dependence on time, and of radiochemical experiments (concerning the behaviour of sulphate ions) allow the conclusion that condensation intervenes in the reaction system and affects the availability of sulphate ions at the interphase as well as the function of water. In this context the difference between adsorbed and condensed aqueous layers should be taken into consideration. It is suggested to develop a numerical index allowing the duration of accelerated corrosion to be determined in terms of the frequency of condensations.
    Notes: Periodische Befeuchtungen beeinflussen das Modell der Eisenkorrosion beträchtlich. Dabei ist die Häufigkeit der Kondensationen wesentlich einflußreicher als die Dauer der Existenz einer kondensierten Schicht. Unmittelbar nach der Kondensation ist ein starker Anstieg der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit festzustellen. Diese Kondensationsperioden bestimmen daher die Geschwindigkeit und die Stärke des Angriffs. Auf der Grundlage der Messungen über die Zeitabhängigkeit und auf der Basis von radiochemischen Untersuchungen (über das Verhalten der Sulfationen) kann man schließen, daß die Kondensation in das Reaktionssystem eingreift, und zwar hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit der Sulfationen an der Grenzfläche und hinsichtlich der Funktion des Wassers. Dabei ist auch der Unterschied zwischen adsorbierten und kondensierten Wasserschichten zu berücksichtigen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, eine Indexzahl zu entwickeln, welche die Bestimmung der Dauer der beschleunigten Korrosion in Abhängigkeit von der Häufigkeit der Kondensation ermöglicht.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19730240803
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-filled polymers. I. Void morphology of polyethylene (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 679-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Morphologic studies of gas-filled polyethylene show a characteristic void structure, with an interior region containing distinct gas bubbles surrounded by a surface layer of void-free polymer. The voids in the bubbled region frequently show an elongated shape with the long dimension oriented parallel to the surface of the specimens. The gas-polymer interface within individual voids is composed of fibrils of the polymer extending into the interior of the void. Studies of the annealing temperatures required to obtain gas bubbles in the material and of the melting range of the ungasified polymer indicate that melting of the crystalline component of polyethylene is required for void formation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170302
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of recrystallization on the solubility of poly(vinylidene chloride) (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 737-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the crystallization of poly(vinylidene chloride) from dilute solution in various solvents was carried out. The temperature at which the polymer dissolved was dependent on crystallization history. The minimum solution temperature obtained by recrystallization at high undercooling and redissolving is the preferred parameter for characterizing solvents for poly(vinylidene chloride).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-filled polymers. III. Mechanical behavior of polycarbonate and poly(vinyl chloride) (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2395-2405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gasification behavior and its effects on mechanical properties were determined for amorphous polycarbonate (PC) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Nitrogen-gasified PC and PVC exhibit interior regions containing gas bubbles surrounded by surface layers of void-free polymer, while in the helium-gasified polymers no gas bubbles could be observed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the bubbles in nitrogengasified PC indicate that the bubble walls are smooth and featureless (in contrast to the diffuse walls with fibrils of polymer extending into the bubbles observed previously in gasified polyethylene). For both PC and PVC, neither the yield stress nor the elongation to fracture showed any appreciable variation between gasified and ungasified material. The lack of a significant effect of gas bubbles on the drawing behavior in these glassy polymers stands in contrast with the pronounced effect noted with semicrystalline polyethylene. The origin of this difference in behavior and its relation to the crystallization process in polyethylene are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170806
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-Filled polymers. II. Mechanical behavior of polyethylene (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 695-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of gas-filled polyethylene have been studied for material with density greater than about 0.85 g/cm3. The effect of gasification on the tensile properties of both high and low density polyethylene beyond a certain critical density reduction is to cause a general weakening of the material. The yield stress falls by about 25% over the range of density investigated, while the elongation to fracture decreases by an order of magnitude. A mechanism is proposed to this weakening and for the yielding and fracture phenomena observed for gasified polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170303
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The graft polymerization of acrylamide onto paper preirradiated with high energy electrons (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 2653-2666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft polymerization of acrylamide onto filter paper preirradiated in air with electrons from a 200-keV accelerator has been shown to lead to weight increases of up to 210%. The degree of grafting depends on the radiation dose, the moisture content of the paper, and the time interval between irradiation and grafting, but is independent of the radiation dose rate. The degree of grafting increases with the monomer concentration of the reaction medium, and increases as the grafting temperature is reduced. Irradiations in the presence of O2 or N2 and the effect of ferrous ions in the grafting solution indicated that peroxides derived from cellulose do not contribute significantly to the initiation reactions up to 60°C. The results are consistent with the degree of grafting depending primarily on the concentration of trapped radicals present in the paper at the time of copolymerization. The cellulose in the grafted material was degraded and the grafted acrylamide was isolated and its molecular weight measured and compared with a calculated value. The moisture regain characteristics of the grafted material are reported.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170903
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difficulties associated with the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of solvating liquid or vapor in semicrystalline polymer. I. Permeation methods (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficients D for solvating liquids and vapors in membranes can be measured in a number of ways. The effectiveness of permeation methods for systems involving semicrystalline polymers at near-ambient temperatures has been assessed, and new experiments have been performed using p-xylene and high-density polyethylene. The conclusions are likely to apply to any semicrystalline polymer where the diffusant concentration is not zero. Stresses induced in the downstream side of the membrane by solvent sorption at the upstream surface during the nonsteady period are shown to lead to underestimation of D. The rate of attainment of a steady state is controlled primarily by the rate at which these stresses relax. The extremely slow rate of stress relaxation in polyethylene implies that, under many experimental conditions, a true steady state of permeation is not attained within an experimentally accessible time, a conclusion supported by experimental evidence. Diffusion coefficients calculated in the usual way from apparently steady-state permeation rates may be grossly underestimated. In liquid permeation experiments, some of the polymer may dissolve in the upstream permeant, and this may lead to overestimation both of the time to reach an apparently steady state and of the steady-state permeation rate itself.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of cis-4,5-epoxy-2-pentenal from pyrolysis of H3PO4-treated celluloseBased on a paper presented at the 162nd ACS National Meeting, Division of Cellulose, Wood and Fiber Chemistry Washington, D.C., September 13-17, 1971. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An important product, C5H6O2, from the pyrolytic decomposition of phosphoric acid, treated cellulose was isolated and identified as cis-4,5-epoxy-2-pentenal. NMR, IR UV, and mass-spectral data of this product were analyzed and discussed. A method for the preparation of cis-4,5-epoxy-2-pentenal is presented, and a mechanism for its formation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070170206
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