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  • Articles  (15)
  • Chemical Engineering  (15)
  • GENERAL
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (15)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1973  (15)
  • Physics  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tailoring the interface in graphite-reinforced polycarbonate (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pronounced effects of thermal treatment on the properties of graphite fiber/polycarbonate and glass fiber/polycarbonate composites have been demonstrated and explained. At 20 volume percent loading of random-in-a-plane, discontinuous fibers, both specimen strength and modulus in both fiber systems were found to increase dramatically upon molding above 260-265°C, whereas only the graphite system was further improved by subsequent annealing. In the latter case, property improvement is due to generation of a crystalline innerlayer at the interface, which apparently transfers the stresses more effectively from fiber to fiber. Regardless of the type of fiber, molding at 275°C (slightly above 260-265°C, the melting point of crystalline polycarbonate) results in improved properties due to better wetting of the fibers by the resin. Hot forming of graphite reinforced polycarbonate composites between the molding and annealing steps takes advantage of the higher processability of the unannealed material in addition to providing increased modulus and strength in the final molded article.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130610
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gamma radiation on the dynamic mechanical and swelling behavior of styrene butadiene block and random copolymers (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical structure of a number of styrene-butadiene copolymers were investigated via dynamic mechanical and swelling studies on uncrosslinked and gamma-radiation cross-linked films that had initially been solvent cast from toluene or methyl ethyl ketone. The mechanical behavior of these films before and after crosslinking was found to depend on the material history as well as the chemical structure of the copolymer, in agreement with observations made by other experimental techniques. A simple morphological interpretation was given to the dynamic mechanical spectra as a function of radiation dosage and a limited discussion of the swelling behavior is included.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130407
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strength of particulate composite (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 469-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130612
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow of polymer melts in a disc-type extruder and in rotational devices of the “cone-plate” and “plate-plate” type (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 194-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow pattern of a polyethylene melt in the working gap of a disc-type extruder has been visualized. It is shown that there is complex circulating flow in the working gap of the extruder. The flow lines are spirals of Archimedes. An investigation into the qualitative picture of the flow of a polyethylene melt in rotational devices of the “plate-plate” and “cone-plate” type showed that in such devices a complex circulating flow is also realized and the flow lines are spirals of Archimedes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130305
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the smoke and flammability characteristics of polymer systems (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Using Oxygen Index and the XP-2 test to measure flammability and smoke characteristics, a broad spectrum of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers, both commercial and experimental, were investigated to elucidate the effect of structure on fire properties.In general, polymers with aliphatic backbones are very flammable, but their tendency to generate smoke is minimal. The addition of flame retardants, especially halogen compounds, while reducing their tendency to burn, increases the evolution of smoke. Halogen-containing polymers are usually non-flammable, with high Oxygen Indices, but display high smoke generation. Polymers containing an aromatic group in the side chain, such as polystyrene, are both highly flammable and high smoke producing. However, polymers with the aromatic group in the main chain, such as polysulfone, polycarbonate and polyphenylene oxide, are intermediate in both Oxygen Index and smoke generation.After investigation of the various test methods available, it is concluded that no one test will be satisfactory to measure the flammability characteristics of polymers and that a combination of methods must be used.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variables affecting parison diameter swell and their correlation with rheological parameters (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An important factor in the selection of blow molding resins for producing handled bottles is the effective diameter swell of the parison. Ideally, the diameter swell is directly related to the weight swell and would require no separate consideration. In actual practice, the existence of gravity, the finite parison drop time and the anisotropic aspects of the blow molding operation prevent reliable prediction of the parison diameter swell directly from the weight swell.The parison diameter swell is a complex function of the weight swell, the rate of swell and the melt strength. Elements of this function are presented which show the effect of extrusion rate, parison drop time and parison weight.A technique is presented which allows the estimation of local weight and diameter swell ratios. Their direct relationship is confirmed by data obtained on several blow molding resins. The relationship between weight swell and diameter swell is definitely anisotropic.A mathematical model for swell is proposed which incorporates experimentally determined rate constants and swell coefficients. Correlations are given which suggest fundamental relationships between these derived coefficients and basic variables such as resin properties or process conditions. The model's predictive capability is demonstrated by using it to back calculate parison dimensions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130212
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of an epoxidized novolac resin anhydride structure on the properties of resin (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of an epoxidized novolac resin cured with two homologous series of substituted succinic anhydrides (alkenyl and alkyl) have been determined and the effects of anhydride structure on properties have been evaluated. Substituted succinic anhydrides yield cured resins with lower strengths, lower heat distortion temperatures, and lower moduli. Use of substituted succinic anhydrides could broaden the range of application of alicyclic anhydrides to include those requiring a more flexible resin. Effects of specific elements of anhydride structure have been consistently interpreted from properties measurements and from aging and solvent resistance studies.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130507
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent crazing of polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 390-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The minimum surface strain required to induce crazing in polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene in the presence of alcohols and n-heptane has been determined at various temperatures by bending strips of the polymers around formers of varying curvature and immersing them in the liquid reagents. For each polymer/liquid system the long-term crazing strain was independent of test temperature except within a single 30°C interval in which it decreased as the test temperature was raised. It was found that this temperature region corresponded to the glass-rubber transition of the given polymer when, after extended periods of immersion it had achieved equilibrium liquid sorption. This suggested that, in the crazing tests, a condition approximating to equilibrium sorption was being established at the craze tip and that crazing occurred on applying small strains in the presence of the liquids because of their plasticising effect.It was found that not only the plasticizing effect of the liquid environment but also the liquid molecule size influenced the crazing strain; the larger-molecule liquids caused lower long-term crazing strains than did the smaller-molecule liquids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130511
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state structure of melt blended incompatible polymeric mixtures involving poly(vinyl chloride) (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 46-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chlorides) having different melt viscosities were melt blended with several different incompatible polymers using a two-roll mill and a Brabender Plasticorder. The properties of the mixtures can be easily reproduced from batch to batch only if the viscosity of the components does not change during the mixing process. Within this limitation, the order of addition of the components during the mixture preparation does not have a significant influence on the mixture properties.The shear storage modulus of the incompatible mixtures in the temperature range between the Tg's of the components varies with the difference in component viscosities at the temperature of mixing. The moduli of these mixtures are compared to moduli calculated using Kerner's equations. Based on this comparison it is concluded that in any incompatible mixture the component having the lower melt viscosity at the temperature of processing tends to form a continuous phase in the mixture. The greater is the viscosity difference, the greater is this tendency. The viscosity of one component relative to the other can be changed by changing the molecular weight of the components and/or the temperature of mixing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical properties of polymers-an introductory discussion (1973)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 13 (1973), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical characteristics of isolated molecules and bulk polymers are discussed briefly. The broad spectrum of mechanical properties resulting from changes in temperature and experimental time-scale is introduced by first considering the time-independent properties of elastomers under large deformations and then the effect of a progressive decrease in segmental mobility, leading eventually to glassy characteristics. The phenomenological theory of linear viscoelasticity along with time-temperature superposition is outlined, and illustrative data are presented. Finally, phenomena resulting from volumetric relaxation processes are considered briefly.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760130302
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