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  • 550 - Earth sciences  (134)
  • SPACE VEHICLES  (69)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (66)
  • Meteorology and Climatology  (66)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 2010-2014  (266)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (85)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 2010  (266)
  • 1973  (85)
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  • 2010-2014  (266)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (85)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    An Aircraft-Based Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere O3, CO, and H2O Climatology for the Northern Hemisphere (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: We present a climatology of O3, CO, and H2O for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), based on a large collection of high ]resolution research aircraft data taken between 1995 and 2008. To group aircraft observations with sparse horizontal coverage, the UTLS is divided into three regimes: the tropics, subtropics, and the polar region. These regimes are defined using a set of simple criteria based on tropopause height and multiple tropopause conditions. Tropopause ]referenced tracer profiles and tracer ]tracer correlations show distinct characteristics for each regime, which reflect the underlying transport processes. The UTLS climatology derived here shows many features of earlier climatologies. In addition, mixed air masses in the subtropics, identified by O3 ]CO correlations, show two characteristic modes in the tracer ]tracer space that are a result of mixed air masses in layers above and below the tropopause (TP). A thin layer of mixed air (1.2 km around the tropopause) is identified for all regions and seasons, where tracer gradients across the TP are largest. The most pronounced influence of mixing between the tropical transition layer and the subtropics was found in spring and summer in the region above 380 K potential temperature. The vertical extent of mixed air masses between UT and LS reaches up to 5 km above the TP. The tracer correlations and distributions in the UTLS derived here can serve as a reference for model and satellite data evaluation
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 115; D14303
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  • 2
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    Evidence for Hesperian Impact-Induced Hydrothermalism on Mars (2010)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several hydrated silicate deposits on Mars are observed within craters and are interpreted as excavated Noachian material. Toro crater (71.8 deg E, 17.0 deg N), located on the northern edge of the Syrtis Major Volcanic Plains, shows spectral and morphologic evidence of impact-induced hydrothermal activity. Spectroscopic observations were used to identify extensive hydrated silicate deposits, including prehnite, chlorites, smectites, and opaline material, a suite of phases that frequently results from hydrothermal alteration in terrestrial craters and also expected on Mars from geochemical modeling of hydrothermal environments. When combined with altimetry and high-resolution imaging data, these deposits appear associated predominantly with the central uplift and with portions of the northern part of the crater floor. Detailed geologic mapping of these deposits reveals geomorphic features that are consistent with hydrothermal activity that followed the impact event, including vent-like and conical mound structures, and a complex network of tectonic structures caused by fluid interactions such as fractures and joints. The crater age has been calculated from the cumulative crater size-frequency distributions and is found to be Early Hesperian. The evidence presented here provides support for impact-induced hydrothermal activity in Toro crater, that extends phyllosilicate formation processes beyond the Noachian era.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Icarus; 208; 667-683
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  • 3
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    Sub-10-Micron and Respirable Particles in Lunar Soils (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Based on published lunar soil grain size distribution data, we estimate that 1-3% of the mass of typical mature lunar soils is comprised of grains less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. These particles are in the respirable range (small enough to be inhaled). Estimates are used because the early methods of obtaining grain size distributions did not give reliable results below about 10 micrometers. Grain size analyses of Apollo 11 soil 10084 by a laser diffraction technique shows that this soil contains roughly 2% by volume in the respirable grain size, in agreement with our prior estimate.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-19518 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 01, 2010 - Mar 05, 2010; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 4
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    Lunar Dust Separation for Toxicology Studies (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the Apollo missions, crewmembers were briefly exposed to dust in the lunar module, brought in after extravehicular activity. When the lunar ascent module returned to micro-gravity, the dust that had settled on the floor now floated into the air, causing eye discomfort and occasional respiratory symptoms. Because our goal is to set an exposure standard for 6 months of episodic exposure to lunar dust for crew on the lunar surface, these brief exposures of a few days are not conclusive. Based on experience with industrial minerals such as sandblasting quartz, an exposure of several months may cause serious damage, while a short exposure may cause none. The detailed characteristics of sub-micrometer lunar dust are only poorly known, and this is the size range of particles that are of greatest concern. We have developed a method for extracting respirable dust (〈2.5 micron) from Apollo lunar soils. This method meets stringent requirements that the soil must be kept dry, exposed only to pure nitrogen, and must conserve and recover the maximum amount of both respirable dust and coarser soil. In addition, we have developed a method for grinding coarser lunar soil to produce sufficient respirable soil for animal toxicity testing while preserving the freshly exposed grain surfaces in a pristine state.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-19517 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 01, 2010 - Mar 05, 2010; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell separation by velocity sedimentation of postnatal mouse cerebellum (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 81 (1973), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Trypsinized cells of newborn mouse cerebellum have been separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in shallow gradients of Ficoll. The two main technical difficulties were formation of gels around the dissociated cells and clumping of cells before and during the sedimentation procedure. These were solved by adding DNase to the dissociation medium and with holding serum, respectively. Proliferating cells of the external granular layer separated according to size differences in the cell generation cycle. Identification of Purkinje or other early-forming neurons was made by labeling them with 3H-thymidine on their birthdays. Many of the fractions contain viable cells capable of aggregating in culture.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040810215
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
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    A nonlinear programming approach for optimizing two-stage lifting vehicle ascent to orbit (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An optimal atmospheric flight branched trajectory-shaping capability is presented based on the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell variable metric parameter optimization technique. Gradient information is generated using finite difference methods. A typical atmospheric flight branched optimization problem is analyzed which requires the determination of 31 parameters. This parameter set includes the three-dimensional description of vehicle attitude control angles for three branches of flight: first-stage ascent, second-stage ascent, and first-stage flyback. The important inflight inequality contraints required to maintain the integrity of the vehicles are considered. Some of the numerical methods employed are discussed, along with several new auxiliary techniques developed to improve the compatibility of the numerical gradient and iterator.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Automatica; 9; Nov. 197
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  • 7
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    Projected Applications of a "Climate in a Box" Computing System at the NASA Short-Term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center focuses on the transition of unique observations and research capabilities to the operational weather community, with a goal of improving short-term forecasts on a regional scale. Advances in research computing have lead to "Climate in a Box" systems, with hardware configurations capable of producing high resolution, near real-time weather forecasts, but with footprints, power, and cooling requirements that are comparable to desktop systems. The SPoRT Center has developed several capabilities for incorporating unique NASA research capabilities and observations with real-time weather forecasts. Planned utilization includes the development of a fully-cycled data assimilation system used to drive 36-48 hour forecasts produced by the NASA Unified version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (NU-WRF). The horsepower provided by the "Climate in a Box" system is expected to facilitate the assimilation of vertical profiles of temperature and moisture provided by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard the NASA Aqua satellite. In addition, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard NASA s Aqua and Terra satellites provide high-resolution sea surface temperatures and vegetation characteristics. The development of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NVDI) composites for use within the NASA Land Information System (LIS) will assist in the characterization of vegetation, and subsequently the surface albedo and processes related to soil moisture. Through application of satellite simulators, NASA satellite instruments can be used to examine forecast model errors in cloud cover and other characteristics. Through the aforementioned application of the "Climate in a Box" system and NU-WRF capabilities, an end goal is the establishment of a real-time forecast system that fully integrates modeling and analysis capabilities developed within the NASA SPoRT Center, with benefits provided to the operational forecasting community.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: M10-1013 , 2010 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; Dec 13, 2010 - Dec 17, 2010; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 8
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    Quantifying the Negative Feedback of Vegetation to Greenhouse Warming: A Modeling Approach (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several climate models indicate that in a 2 x CO2 environment, temperature and precipitation would increase and runoff would increase faster than precipitation. These models, however, did not allow the vegetation to increase its leaf density as a response to the physiological effects of increased CO2 and consequent changes in climate. Other assessments included these interactions but did not account for the vegetation down-regulation to reduce plant's photosynthetic activity and as such resulted in a weak vegetation negative response. When we combine these interactions in climate simulations with 2 x CO2, the associated increase in precipitation contributes primarily to increase evapotranspiration rather than surface runoff, consistent with observations, and results in an additional cooling effect not fully accounted for in previous simulations with elevated CO2. By accelerating the water cycle, this feedback slows but does not alleviate the projected warming, reducing the land surface warming by 0.6 C. Compared to previous studies, these results imply that long term negative feedback from CO2-induced increases in vegetation density could reduce temperature following a stabilization of CO2 concentration.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC.JA.4640.2011 , Geophysical Research Letters; 37; L23701
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  • 9
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    Development of a direct condensing radiator for use in a spacecraft vapor compression refrigeration system. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: ASME PAPER 73-ENAS-5 , Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 16, 1973 - Jul 19, 1973; San Diego, CA; US
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  • 10
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    Design, capability, and cost of a Versatile Upper Stage /VUS/ family of vehicles. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Trade-off studies and a preliminary design were accomplished to investigate the Versatile Upper Stage (VUS) concept. This concept entails the development by one contractor of a family of stages with a great deal of commonality to perform a spectrum of potential unmanned automated missions planned through 1990. The trade studies and analyses revealed areas where the penalty for commonality between stages was excessive in weight and performance loss. This occurred in the selection of the vehicle structural shell. In many of the expensive subsystems, especially astrionics, it was found that establishing the requirements for all family members and the application of commonality in subsystem selection could result in significant savings.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: AIAA PAPER 73-589 , Joint Space Mission Planning and Execution Meeting; Jul 10, 1973 - Jul 12, 1973; Denver, CO
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