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  • Other Sources  (6)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (3)
  • 1970-1974  (3)
  • 1976  (3)
  • 1972  (3)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (3)
  • 1970-1974  (3)
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  • 1
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    Biological experiments - The Viking Mars Lander. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: From the biological point of view, the Viking 1975 mission might be regarded as a test of the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis concerning the chemical evolution of living systems. Mars is a planet whose early history was probably similar to that of the earth and whose present environmental conditions may be compatible with the maintenance of living organisms. Thus, the biological experiments aboard the Viking I spacecraft are primarily concerned with the question of whether chemical evolution on Mars took place, and, if so, whether the process reached a level of complexity characteristic of replicating systems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Icarus; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 2
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    Potential targets in the search for extraterrestrial life. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the potential for increasing understanding of the origins of terrestrial life by examination of other planets. If living organisms should be found on another planet, they could only have been transported from an inhabited planet or originated independently. The fundamental chemical and structural attributes of terrestrial organisms are so remarkably uniform that any living forms outside the terrestrial blueprint would almost certainly be regarded as alien organisms. It has been shown experimentally by various investigators that life can exist in an extremely wide range of temperatures and pressures. The presence of an atmosphere appears to be necessary.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 3
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    General constraints on the Viking biology investigation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses some of the constraints pertaining to the Viking mission for detection of life on Mars, within which the Viking experiments were conceived, designed, and developed. The most important limitation to the entire study is the complete information about the nature of Mars, such as the chemical composition of the surface material of Mars and the exact identification of the constituents of that planet. Ways in which celestial mechanics places severe limitations on the Viking biology investigation are discussed. Major engineering constraints are examined relative to the accomodation of biology instrument inside the Viking lander and to the design of the instrument itself. Other constraints discussed concern the operational aspects of the mission and the testing program.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life; 7; Aug. 197
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  • 4
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    The Viking mission search for life on Mars (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The scientific payload on the Viking Mars landers is described. Shortly after landing, two facsimile cameras capable of stereoscopic imaging will scan the landing site area in black and white, color, and infrared to reveal gross evidence of past or present living systems. A wide range mass spectrometer will record a complete mass spectrum for soil samples from mass 12 to mass 200 every 10.3 sec. Three experiments based on different assumptions on the nature of life on Mars, if it exists, will be carried out by the bio-lab. A pyrolytic release experiment is designed to measure photosynthetic or dark fixation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into organic compounds. A labelled release experiment will test for metabolic activity during incubation of a surface sample moistened with a solution of radioactively labelled simple organic compounds. A gas exchange experiment will detect changes in the gaseous medium surrounding a soil sample as the result of metabolic activity. The hardware, function, and terrestrial test results of the bio-lab experiments are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 262; July 1
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  • 5
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    Biological instrumentation for the Viking 1975 mission to Mars. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A brief introduction is given on why Mars is of interest from a biological point of view, along with an overview of the Viking 1975 mission. Details are given about the four biology instruments aboard the spacecraft and the experiments for which they are to be used. These are: the carbon assimilation experiment to determine whether the soil is biologically active; the label release experiment to detect metabolic activity by the release of radioactive CO2 from C-14 labelled simple organic substrates; the gas exchange experiment to detect biological activity by repeated gas chromatography analysis of soil samples; and the light scattering experiment, where increase of scattering and decrease of light transmission would indicate the growth of organisms. Examples are given of data obtained with terrestrial soils in these experiments.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 6
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    The Viking biological investigation - Preliminary results (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary progress report is presented for the Viking biological investigation through its first month. The carbon assimilation, gas exchange, and labeled release experiments are described in detail, and the chronology of the experiments is outlined. For the first experiment, it is found that a small amount of gas was converted into organic material in one sample and that heat treatment of a duplicate sample prevented such conversion. In the second experiment, a substantial amount of O2 was detected along with significant increases in CO2 and small changes in N2. In the third experiment, a significant amount of radioactive gas was evolved from one sample, but not from a duplicate heat-treated sample. Possible biological and nonbiological interpretations are considered for these results. It is concluded that while the experiments provide clear evidence for the occurrence of chemical reactions and while the results do not violate any prima facie criteria for biological processes, a definitive answer cannot yet be given to the question of whether life exists on Mars.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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