ALBERT

Notes: Three Uages containing 18.7, 35.2 and 51.0% DM were given to young beef cattle without supplementary barley or with a daily allowance of 1.8 or 3.6 kg air-dry fortified barley. Each diet was given to 9 individually fed animals, the mean fasted liveweight of which at the start of the experiment was 304 kg. The dafly voluntary DM intake was recorded for a 10-day period for the 9 animals on each silage without supplementary barley. The mean DM intakes per kg W0.73 were 58.4, 94.6 and 104.1 g for Silages 1, 2 and 3 and the intakes increased curvilinearly with the DM content of the silage. The mean daily liveweight gains on Silages 1, 2 and 3 were 0.63,0.73 and 0.75 kg, respectively; the relationship was significantly linear (P 〈0.01). The barley supplement also had a significantly linear CP 〈0.01) effect on daily gains. The mean daily gains for 0, 18 and 3 6 kg fortified barley per day were 0.54, 0.74 and 0.84 kg, respectively. The DM and digestible organic matter required per kg liveweight gain were not significantly affected by the DM of the silage, but were significantly (P 〈 0.01) affected by supplementation.The metabolizable energy (ME) values of Silages 1,2 and 3 were 2.46, 2.52 and 2.50 Meal/ kg DM, respectively. The supplementary concentrate increased the ME concentration significantly (P 〈 0.05), although the overall increase was small. The mean values were 2.49, 2.54 and 2.61 Meal/ kg DM, respectively, for 0, 1.8 and 3.6 kg fortified barley per day. The digestibilities of DM and organic matter were not significantly affected by the type of silage, but there was a significant increase with increasing intake of supplementary barley.

Notes: The phytoplankton of the River Thames and its tributary the River Kennet was studied weekly from May 1966 to May 1968. Samples were concentrated by sedimen-tation and counted in a haemocytometer.Data on discharge, temperature and silica concentration are followed by descriptions of the variations in the number and composition of the phytoplankton. In both rivers there were spring and autumn peaks of the centric diatom. Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Chlorophyceae were most abundant during summer. Two cryptophyceans, Cryptomonas and Rhodomonas were sometimes numerous.In the Thames, the size of the population was closely correlated with the discharge, highest numbers always occurring during periods of low discharge. In the Kennet, increases in discharge often brought about increases in cell number due to the infiux of benthic forms.It appeared that nutrients were always present in sufficient quantity and did not limit algal growth.Comparisons were made with earlier studies on the Thames and differences were noted in the composition of the phytoplankton which were almost certainly due to the process of eutrophication.

Notes: SUMMARY— Storage stability of the color was tested alone and in various citrus products using an extraction process which had been developed for obtaining a highly colored concentrated extract from orange peel. When concentrated color extract was added to single-strength orange juice in tin-lined or enamel-lined cans or clear glass bottles, color stability was good during storage at 35° F; except for some fading in glass-packed samples, no notable changes in color were observed after 10 wk. However, at 70° F and 85° F color changes occurred, mainly from darkening due to browning. These storage changes were more predominant in glass-packed juice and enamellined cans. Color in frozen concentrated orange juice remained stable more than 10 wk, showing no notable change in color during storage at −5° F. Stored in the concentrated form the color extract required protection from light and heat. Color was stable for more than 6 months when stored at −5° F in the dark.

Notes: During the period April 1967-ApriI 1968 the phytoplankton production and respiration of the River Thames and its tributary, the River Kennet, were measured at approxi-mately 2-week intervals using the light and dark bottle technique. Concentrations of chlorophyll and pheopigment were determined weekly. On fourteen occasions sets of light and dark bottles were rotated in a specially designed apparatus, and production and respiration values obtained were found to be 1·38 ± 0·31 times higher than in stationary bottles at identical depths over the same period. There was little horizontal, vertical or diurnal variation in chlorophyll concentration showing that the water was well mixed. Peaks of chlorophyll were found in spring, summer and autumn in the Thames (max. 219 mg/m3) but there was very little variation in the Kennet (max. 38·2 mg/m3). In both rivers lowest concentrations were found during winter. Pheo-pigment concentration was low in both rivers for most of the period although in the Kennet this represented on average 50% of the pigments present. In the Thames a peak of pheopigments(1·33–5 mg/m3) was associated with the autumnal bloom and repre-sented 61 % of the total pigments. No pheopigments were detected during the spring bloom. The average concentration of suspended organic matter was identical in both rivers but in the Thames over 25 % was due to phytoplankton and in the Kennet almost 95 % was non-algal.In the Thames, net oxygen production reached a peak in May (10·81 gO2/m2/day) and was negative from November to February (min. −0·45 gO2/m2/day). In the Kennet, maximum production also occurred in May (0·85 gO2/m2) but was negative from the middle of May until the following March. The average annual net production was 1250 and −78 g O2/m2 in the Thames and Kennet respectively.Respiration rates showed similar fluctuations being 4·59 g O2/m2/day in spring in the Thames to 0·09 g O2/m2/day in November. The Kennet was almost always lower (1·05–0·34 g O2/m2/day. The average annual respiration was almost three times higher in the Thames than in the Kennet (641–228 g O2/m2).Various factors which might influence production are discussed. The average net efficiency ofthe Thames phytoplankton fell within ranges described from other rivers. Net efficiencies ofthe Kennet were almost always negative.In the Thames it appeared that net production could be explained as a function of solar radiation, chlorophyll concentration and euphotic depth.

Notes: Fumigation for 1 hr in a 50 cu. ft (1.42 cu. m) chamber with a rate eqmvalent to 0.75 lb potassium permanganate/3 pt formaldehyde/ 6,000 cu. ft (0.34 kg/1.70 1./169.90 cu. m) killed spores of Botrytis cinerea, Fulvia fulva and Fusarium culmorum, though in a series of 1 hr fumigations based on this rate the mycelium of B. cinerea was not killed. Fumigations for 24 hr in a 50 cu. ft (1.42 cu. m) chamber and a commercial glasshouse with 0.75 lb potassium permanganate/3 pt formaldehyde/6,000 cu. ft (0.34 kg/1.70 1./169.90 cu. m) and 0.8 lb/ 1.25pt/6,000cu. ft (0.36 kg/0.71 1./169–90 cu. m) killed both spores and mycelium of B. cinerea.