ALBERT

Notes: SUMMARY– The influence of dietary regimen of 104 half-sib Angus steers allotted to 1 of 13 combinations of hay, corn silage and corn concentrate, and of slaughter weights of 284 vs. 340 kg and 409 vs. 454 kg (live weight) on processing qualities and palatability of beef was studied. Measurements included postmortem glycolytic activity, water- and fat-binding capacity, textural properties, cooking losses, flavor and juiciness of selected muscles. Results showed that feeding regimens had a greater effect than did slaughter weight on qualities studied. Corn silage in the early dietary regimen of cattle weighing 284 and 340 kg resulted in significantly lower pH values (5 and 45 min post-mortem), higher amounts of glycogen at slaughter and greater water- and fat-binding capacity as compared to hay. Similar effects of early diet were noted for 5- and 45-min pH and water-binding capacity in cattle fed to heavier weights (409 and 454 kg); however, in these animals the early-hay diet resulted in greater muscle glycogen deposition than the early-silage diet. Steaks from animals fed corn silage in the early period were determined to be more tender by both shear values and panel scores and were more juicy and flavorful than those from hay-fed animals. These differences in palatability due to early diet were still evident after the cattle had been fed to heavier (409 and 454 kg) weights. When steers weighing 409 and 454 kg were grouped together, the effects of feeding regimen during the intermediate period were considerably less pronounced than those of the early feeding period.

Notes: The ability of ribgrass to germinate and subsequently develop in a sward was investigated as part of a competitive study between this species and perennial ryegrass S23. The experimental model emphasized that seedling development was greatly influenced by the frequency and the intensity of cutting to which the associated grass species was subjected.

Notes: Three pot experiments are described in which perennial ryegrass (S23) and Plantago lanceolata (ribgrass) were grown alone and in mixed stands at varying densities and cent at different frequencies. With frequent cutting the yield of ryegrass was reduced to a greater extent than that of rihgrass, but the mean plant weights of both species were independent of sowing density. The pattern of competition was not altered by a single cutting treatment, the balance being quickly restored by the rapid regrowth of the ryegrass.

Notes: Twisting of roots of sugar beet has been associated with the application to the soil of certain herbicides. Severe twisting resulted in root constrictions which in some respects resembled ‘strangles’. Symptoms were most severe when the herbicide was intimately mixed with the soil either after or immediately before sowing.

Notes: Summary. The adsorption capacity for paraquat of the following materials was examined: three peat soils; two peaty layers below a turf; a commercial sphagnum peat; grass; Begbroke soil; Fullers’ earth; humic acids isolated from a peat soil; lignin isolated from hardwood sawdust; cellulose powder.The Strong Adsorption Capacity (SAC) of these adsorbents was examined first using a chemical method of analysis and then with the more sensitive Lemna bioassay. Peat soils had an appreciable SAC for paraquat even when measured with the bioassay (88–165 kg/ha 2–5 cm depth, 750–1000 ppm), 〉 10 times that of Begbroke soil (14 kg/ha, 50 ppm). Humic acids had a higher adsorption capacity (k = 42, 000) than lignin (k = 2600), while cellulose adsorbed very little paraquat (k = 64).The adsorption of paraquat decreased as the ratio of soil to water increased. Temperature appeared to have very small effects on adsorption in organic soils. Results were consistent with calcium competing for adsorption sites.Paraquat sprayed on the surface of a peat soil up to 36 kg/ha remained in the top 7 mm after leaching with 305 mm of natural rainfall over a period of 4 months. Paraquat adsorbed on commercial sphagnum peat could transfer to clays after incorporation and be inactivated.Adsorption et mobilité du paraquat sur diffétrents sols et constituents du sol〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé, La capacityé d'adsorption du paraquat par les milieux suivants a étéétudiée: 3 sols tourbeux, 2 assises tourbeuses sous un gazon, une tourbe commerciale de sphagnum, une tourbe, un sol de Begbroke, une terre à foulon, un acide humique extrait d'un sol tourbeux, une lignine extraite d'une sciure de bois dur, de la poudre de cellulose.La capacityé brute d'adsorption (CBA) de ces adsorbants a été examinée, au moyen d'une méthode chimique d'analyse puis avec la méthode biologique plus sensible utilisant Lemna. Les sols tourbeux montrèrent une CBA appréciable pour le paraquat même lorsqu'elle fut mesurée par la voie biologique (88/165 kg/ha 2,5 cm de profondeur, 750–1000 ppm), plus de 10 fois celle du sol de Begbroke (14 kg/ha 50 ppm). Pour les acides humiques, la capacityé d'adsorption fut plus éievée (k = 42 000) que pour la lignine (k = 2600) alors que la cellulose n'adsorba que très peu de paraquat (k = 64).L'adsorption du paraquat diminua à mesure que le rapport sol/eau augmentait. La temperature n'eut que de très faibles effets sur l'adsorption dans les sols organiques. Les résultats furent en accord avec la concurrence du calcium pour les lieux d'adsorption. Le paraquat appliquéà la surfaee d'un sol tourbeux jusquà la dose de 36 kg/ha resta dans les 7 premiers millimètres après lessivage par 305 mm de pluie natureile péndant une période de 4 mois. Le paraquat adsorbé sur une tourbe commerciale de sphagnum put être transféréè des argiles aprtè avoir été incorporé et inactiveée.Adsorption und Beweglichkeit von Paraquat in verschiedenen Böden und BodenbestandteilenZusammenfassung. Die Adsorptionskapazität von Paraquat wurde für folgende Materialien untersucht: 3 Torfböden; 2 torfige Schichten unter einem Rasen; 1 handelsüblicher Sphagnum-Torf; Gras; Begbroke-Boden; Fullers′-Erde; aus einem Moorboden isolierte Huminsäuren; aus Hartholz-Sägemehl isoliertes Lignin; Cellulosepulver. Die Kapazität zur festen Adsorption (Strong Adsorption Capacity, SAC) dieser Adsorptionsmittel wurde zunächst mit Hilfe einer chemischen Analysenmethode untersucht und anschliessend mit dem empfindlichen Lemna-Biotest. Torfböden hatten für Paraquat auch bei Messung mit dem Biotest einen deutlichen SAC (88–165 kg/ha 2,5 cm tief, 750–100D ppm), der mehr als 10 mal den Wert von Begbroke-Boden (14 kg/ha, 50 ppm) betrug. Huminsäuren hatten eine höhere Adsorptionskapazität (k - 42000) als Lignin (k = 2600), während Cellulose Paraquat nur sehr wenig adsorbierte (k = 64).Die Adsorption von Paraquat nahm in dem Masse ab wie sich das Verhältnis von Boden zu Wasser erhöhte. Die Temperatur hatte offensichtlich einen sehi geringen Einfluss auf die Adsorption in organischen Böden. Reproduzierbare Ergebnisse konnten bezüglich der Konkurrenz mit Calcium um die Adsorptionsorte gefunden werden.Auf die Oberfläche eines Moorbodens in einer Aufwandmenge von 36 kg/ha gespritztes Paraquat verblieb nach Einwaschung mit 305 mm natürlichem Regen während einer Periode von vier Monaten in den oberen 7 mm. An handelsüblichcn Sphagum-Torf adsorbiertes Paraquat wurde nach Incorporation an Ton übertragen und auf diese Weise inaktiviert.