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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 589-608 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has recently been postulated that viscous flow or plastic deformation occurs near the tip of an advancing crack in glassy amorphous polymers such as Plexiglas, and this results in molecular orientation of the fracture surface. The evidence for this has been the appearance of colors on fresh fracture surfaces of Plexiglas and the extremely high measured surface work which is 1000 times greater than the theoretical surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is defined as the amount of energy required to create unit area of surface in the material by separating two planes each of half a unit area in extent, and the measured surface work of a polymer may also include any irreversible work which occurred during the fracture process. In the present investigation a cleavage test has been empolyed to measure the surface work of glassy polymers and to measure the effects of temperature on the surface work. A reproducible procedure has been developed to measure the surface work of cracks which propagate continuously and for cracks which propagate in a stick-slip fashion. The measured surface work of Plexiglas II is 1.2 × 102 erg/cm.2, and the value for a typical polystyrene is 4 × 105 erg/cm.2, compared to a theoretical estimate of 450 erg/cm.2. The surface work varies with temperature over the range of -40 to 80°C. The surface work of Plexiglas II and polystyrene decrease with increasing temperature. Colors have been seen on the Plexiglas fracture surfaces over the entire temperature range, and the fracture surface changes from rough to mirror-smooth at elevated temperatures. The inherent flaw size of the polymers, from Griffith's equation, also varies with temperature and is thought to be related to the crazing behavior of the polymer. At 23°C. the flaw size for polystyrene is 0.05 in. and for Plexiglas II, 0.002 in.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2749-2762 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The specific surface activity of carbon black, as indicated by amount of rubber bound to the black during the mixing process, has been found to be the major factor in determining the modulus of the vulcanizate at high extensions. However, modulus at low extension is independent of specific surface activity and mostly influenced by other black characteristics, such as “structure” and surface area. Further, a relationship of the Guth-Gold type based upon elastic theory was applied for predicting modulus of filled vulcanizates at high extension from that of an identically cured gum vulcanizate. The relationship is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$M = M_0 (1 + 2.5\Phi + 14.1\Phi^2)$\end{document} where Φ is the reinforcement volume or volume fraction of filler plus volume fraction of bound polymer. This relationship was also used to calculate the actual elongation in a filled vulcanizate to compensate for that portion that does not elongate at all, and this actual extension ratio (α') was utilized in the Mooney-Rivlin equation. The Mooney-Rivlin equation is the theoretical expression for the modulus of a vulcanizate as it changes with elongation and cure level (or number of effective chains per unit volume). The equation has been successfully used previously for gum vulcanizates, but not for filled vulcanizates. With the use of the corrected elongation (α'), experiment and theory are in much better agreement than previously, and a general concept of the influence of black upon vulcanizate properties can be postulated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 87 (1965), S. 21-31 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Molekulargewichtsverteilung für ein Polykondensat mit beliebiger Anfangsverteilung kann durch Anwendung der kinetischen Gleichungen mittels der erzeugenden Funktion abgeleitet werden. Das wird an zwei Beispielen gezeigt: Polykondensation von AB-Einheiten miteinander und Polykondensation zwischen AA- und BB-Einheiten, wobei in beiden Fällen die Kondensationsreaktion zwischen den Gruppen A und B stattfindet. Bei der Kondensation von AB-Einheiten miteinander, bei der die Anfangsverteilung eine Summe zweier geometrischer Funktionen ist, entsteht als Reaktionsprodukt wieder ein Kondensat mit einer Molekulargewichtsverteilung, die eine Summe zweier geometrischer Funktionen ist. Die Parameter, die diese neue Verteilung bestimmen, hängen in einer komplizierten Weise von den Parametern der Anfangsverteilung ab. Bei der Kondensation von AA-Einheiten mit BB-Einheiten ist die Berechnung auf Anfangsverteilungen begrenzt, bei denen kein Molekül eine Einheit A an einem und eine Einheit B am anderen Kettenende besitzt. Außerdem ist das Ergebnis nur für vollständig abgelaufene Reaktionen anwendbar. Hier wurde auch gefunden, daß, wenn die Anfangsverteilung durch eine Summe zweier geometrischer Verteilungen darstellbar ist, die Endverteilung ebenfalls durch eine solche Summe wiedergegeben wird.
    Notes: The MW distribution in polycondensates for an arbitrary initial distribution can be derived from the rate equations by means of generating functions. This is illustrated for two cases: polycondensation of AB units with each other and polycondensation between AA and BB, where in both cases the reaction is between A groups and B groups. In the condensation of AB with itself it is found that an initial MW distribution which is a superposition of geometric ones leads to a product in which the MW distribution is again a superposition of geometric progressions, but the parameters determining this distribution depend on the initial conditions in a rather complicated manner. In the condensation of AA with BB, the discussion is limited to those cases in which initially there are no molecules that have A at one and B at the other end. Also, the MW distribution in the reaction product is considered only at the end of the process, when the reaction is complete. It is found, here again, that distributions which are superpositions of geometric progressions lead to a superposition of geometric progressions in the end product.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die ungestörten Dimensionen von Poly(hexen-1-sulfon) und Poly(2-methylpenten-1-sulfon) wurden aus Viskositätsmessungen in Mischungen von Methyläthylketon/Isopropanol und Methyläthylketon/n-Hexan bei Zimmertemperatur bestimmt. Die Molekulargewichte der Polymerfraktionen waren osmotisch bestimmt und fielen in den Bereich von 70000-886000 und 47000-563000. Die Θ-Punkte wurden durch Trübungsmessung ermittelt.Für die beiden Polymeren ergab sich \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ [{\rm \eta }]_\Theta = 5,3 \cdot 10^{ - 2} \overline {\rm M} _{\rm n} ^{1/2} {\rm und [\eta ]}_\Theta {\rm = 9,1} \cdot {\rm 10}^{ - 2} \overline {\rm M} _{\rm n} ^{1/2} ({\rm ml}.{\rm g}^{ - {\rm 1}} ) $$\end{document}Diese Beziehungen sind von der Θ-Mischung unabhängig. Die 2-Methylgruppe bewirkt eine Ausdehnung in den ungestörten Knäueldimensionen um 20%, das heißt eine beträchtlich stärkere Aufweitung als bei anderen Polymeren.Der Θ-Punkt für Poly(hexen-1-sulfon) in n-Hexylchlorid wurde osmotisch nachgeprüft und zu 13 ± 1°C bestätigt.
    Notes: The unperturbed dimensions of poly(hexene-1 sulphone) and poly(2-methylpentene-1 sulphone) have been determined from viscosity measurements in the region of room temperature in mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone/isopropanol and methyl ethyl ketone n-hexane. The molecular weights of the polymer fractions were determined by osmometry and fell in the ranges 70,000-886,000 and 47,000-563,000 respectively. The Θ-points were found by the turbidity method.The relations between viscosity and molecular weight for the two polymers were \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ [{\rm \eta }]_\Theta = 5.3 \cdot 10^{ - 2} \overline {\rm M} _{\rm n} ^{1/2} {\rm and [\eta ]}_\Theta {\rm = 9}{\rm .1} \cdot {\rm 10}^{ - 2} \overline {\rm M} _{\rm n} ^{1/2} (ml.{\rm g}^{ - {\rm 1}} ) $$\end{document} respectively, each relation being independent of the Θ-mixture. The 2-methyl group causes a 20% expansion in the unperturbed coil dimensions, an effect which is considerably larger than that found for other pairs of polymers differing by a methyl group.The Θ-point for poly(hexene-1 sulphone) in n-hexyl chloride was checked by osmometry and confirmed as 13 ± 1°C.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 86 (1965), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fraktionen von Poly-α-Methylstyrol im Molekulargewichtsbereich unter 15 000 wurden hergestellt. Messungen von Molekulargewicht, Viskositätszahl und Lösungswärme wurden in Cyclohexan, Toluol und Tetrahydrofuran vorgenommen. Die Resultate wurden zur Korrektur der Polymerisationswärme des α-Methylstyrols mit Hinsicht auf Phasenumwandlungs- und Lösungswärmen benutzt.
    Notes: Fractions of poly-α-methylstyrene of molecular weights below 15,000 have been prepared. Measurements of molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity and heats of solution have been made in cyclohexane, toluene, and results have been applied to the correction of heats of polymerization, for phase change and heats of solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 3 (1965), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 3 (1965), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 3 (1965), S. 973-976 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 3 (1965), S. 803-807 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 3 (1965), S. 1037-1041 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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