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  • Springer  (10)
  • Oxford University Press  (1)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (1)
  • 1991  (7)
  • 1990  (4)
  • 1965  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Vertex separator is NP-hard even for 3-regular graphs (1991)
    Springer
    Computing 46 (1991), S. 343-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: PLA-folding ; vertex separation ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei diskrete Optimierungsprobleme beim VLSI-Design sind die Fläche eines programmierbaren logischen Arrays (PLA) zu reduzieren und einen Graphen in möglichst gleich große Teilgraphen zu zerlegen. Wir zeigen, daß eine in der Praxis oft benutzte Flächenreduktionstechnik, das Blockfolding, äquivalent ist zu dem Problem, Graphen durch Wegnahme von Knoten zu zerlegen. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieses Problem schon für 3-reguläre GraphenNP-schwer ist.
    Notes: Abstract Two discrete optimization problems arising in VLSI are to reduce the area of a programmable logic array (PLA) and to separate graphs uniformly. We show that a commonly used area reduction technique called blockfolding is equivalent to separating graphs by vertex deletion. The later problem is shown to be NP-complete even for 3-regular-graphs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257778
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron scattering studies of Bi2Sr2Ca0.5Ho0.5Cu2O8+x (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 85 (1991), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Neutron scattering has been employed to study the crystalline electric field (CEF) interaction at the Ho3+ site in Bi2Sr2Ca0.5Ho0.5Cu2O8+x. The observed energy spectra exhibit a large number of broad but well-resolved CEF transitions between 1.2 and 73 meV, so that we have been able to unambiguously determine all nine CEF parameters required for the average orthorhombic symmetry. The unusually large line widths of the CEF transitions are shown to be related to the modulated structure. The CEF potential is essentially governed by the charge distribution of the CuO2 planes which turns out to be very similar as in HoBa2Cu3O7-x.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387785
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactic acid production from enzyme-thinned corn starch usingLactobacillus amylovorus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacterium ; Fermentation ; Nutrition ; Optimization ; Liquefaction ; High-substrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An alternative process for industrial lactic acid production was deveooped using a starch degrading lactic acid producing organism,Lactobacillus amylovorus B-4542. In this process, saccharification takes place during the fermentation, eliminating the need for complete hydrolysis of the starch to glucose prior to fermentation. The cost savings of this alternative are substantial since it eliminates the energy input, separate reactor tank, time, and enzyme associated with the typical pre-fermentation saccharification step. The only pre-treatment was gelatinization and enzyme-thinning of the starch to overcome viscosity problems associated with high starch concentrations and to make the starch more rapidly degradable. This fermentation process was optimized for temperature, substrate level, nitrogen source and level, mineral level, B-vitamins, volatile fatty acids, pH, and buffer source. The rate of the reaction and the final level of lactic acid obtained in the optimized liquefied starch process was similar to that obtained withL. delbrueckii B-445 using glucose as the substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575599
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depth to basement and geoid expression of the Kane Fracture Zone: A comparison (1991)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 13 (1991), S. 105-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Geoid topography ; fracture zone morphology ; satellite altimetry ; transform fault ; plate reconstructions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geoid data from Geosat and subsatellite basement depth profiles of the Kane Fracture Zone in the central North Atlantic were used to examine the correlation between the short-wavelength geoid (λ=25–100 km) and the uncompensated basement topography. The processing technique we apply allows the stacking of geoid profiles, although each repeat cycle has an unknown long-wavelength bias. We first formed the derivative of individual profiles, stacked up to 22 repeat cycles, and then integrated the average-slope profile to reconstruct the geoid height. The stacked, filtered geoid profiles have a noise level of about 7 mm in geoid height. The subsatellite basement topography was obtained from a recent compilation of structure contours on basement along the entire length of the Kane Fracture Zone. The ratio of geoid height to topography over the Kane Fracture Zone valley decreases from about 20–25 cm km-1 over young ocean crust to 5–0 cm km-1 over ocean crust older than 140 Ma. Both geoid and basement depth of profiles were projected perpendicular to the Kane Fracture Zone, resampled at equal intervals and then cross correlated. The cross correlation shows that the short-wavelength geoid height is well correlated with the basement topography. For 33 of the 37 examined pro-files, the horizontal mismatches are 10 km or less with an average mismatch of about 5 km. This correlation is quite good considering that the average width of the Kane Fracture Zone valley at median depth is 10–15 km. The remaining four profiles either cross the transverse ridge just east of the active Kane transform zone or overlie old crust of the M-anomaly sequence. The mismatch over the transverse ridge probably is related to a crustal density anomaly. The relatively poor correlation of geoid and basement depth in profiles of ocean crust older than 130–140 Ma reflects poor basement-depth control along subsatellite tracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286284
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement accuracy of semiconductor LDA systems (1990)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 10 (1990), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A laser Doppler anemometer with a laser diode as the light source, has several advantages: i.e., low power consumption, compactness, and low cost. In order to be fully benefitted by these favorable characteristics, the measurement uncertainty, associated with wavefront distortion in the measuring volume, should be minimized. Furthermore, proper attention should be given to system misalignment caused by external perturbations, such as thermal expansion of the diode-collimator assembly. These considerations lead to a computational procedure for optimizing the layout of the semiconductor LDA system. Calculations are based on a generalized relation for fringe non-uniformity combined with a simulation model for the anemometry system. For this purpose, the optical field of a laser diode is described satisfactorily as a product of a Gaussian and a truncated Lorentzian distribution. The influence of various design parameters is examined by means of an extensive computational study as well as experimental evaluation involving precise scanning of the measuring volume. The performance is improved by employing a small focal length collimator and a large focal length front lens. For measurement of turbulence intensities smaller than 1%, it may become necessary to collect the signals in the side scatter and to use a frequency-domain signal processor. For such an application, temperature control may also be necessary, but it should be applied to the entire diode-collimator assembly and not just to the laser diode as suggested in previous publications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215021
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propidium-iodide-loaded polyalkylcyanoacrylate particles —labelling conditions and loading capacity (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cyanoacrylate nanoparticles ; propidium iodide ; nanoparticle ; fluorescent labelling ; fluorescent labelling of nanoparticles ; nanoparticle loading capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles were labelled with the fluorescent marker propidium iodide to follow their cellular distribution. Fixation of propidium iodide onto the nanoparticles can be achieved by its addition to the polymerization medium after initiating the polymerization process. However, the charged propidium iodide was found to distort the anionic polymerization process. Therefore, polymerization conditions were optimized with regard to the time of marker addition and marker concentration, loading capacity, and monodispersity of the nanoparticles size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00660304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EHD instabilities in nematics driven by dichotomous noise: Stability criteria and influence of free boundary conditions (1990)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 78 (1990), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Different criteria for the onset of EHD instabilities in nematic liquid crystals driven by dichotomous stochastic electric fields are compared within a 1d linear model. Sample stability gives always higher, energetic stability always lower thresholds than the first moment's stability investigated in a previous paper, showing the same qualitative behaviour. Especially the direct transition towards chaos above a critical strength of the noise and the change from stabilizing to destabilizing effect of the noise with increasing correlation time can be explained. The influence of free boundary conditions is investigated analyzing first moment's stability of a 2d linear model. The thresholds are slightly higher but behave qualitatively like in the 1d model. The Williams strip pattern becomes more narrow both with increasing strength and mean frequency of the noise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307840
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleoenvironmental organic indicators in Eocene paleosols from Arctic Canada (1990)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 337 (1990), S. 882-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The analytical potential of the combination of solid state NMR and soft ionization mass spectrometry for direct investigations of complex organic matter in soils without chemical pretreatment is demonstrated. The results show that the Oh horizon of a Gleysolic paleosol (±45 Ma) from the Canadian Arctic consists mainly of components of cuticular waxes which include 10-nonacosanol, C15–C36 n-fatty acids, C44–C75 n-alkyl monoesters and C60–C76 diesters. It is likely that these waxes originated from the coniferous and deciduous vegetation which dominated this area when these soils were formed and that the climate was warm and moist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323166
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über Silikone. C. Darstellung von Organopentafluorosilicaten aus wäßrigen Lösungen (1965)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 341 (1965), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The preparation of alkali metal and NH4 organopentafluorosilicates, Me2[RSiF5], from aqueous solutions has been achieved by direct interaction between organotrifluorosilanes and inorganic fluorides and by precipitation from solutions of easily soluble organopentafluorosilicates by means of cations forming slightly soluble complex salts. Some metal fluorides were used as both fluorinating and complexing reactants, allowing thus one-step preparations.
    Notes: Organopentafluorosilicate können in wäßriger Lösung entweder unmittelbar durch Umsetzen der Organotrifluorosilane mit Fluoriden oder durch Ausfällen aus Lösungen leicht löslicher Organopentafluorosilicate mit schwerlösliche Komplexsalze bildenden Kationen dargestellt werden. Da die komplexbildenden Metallfluoride z. T. selbst Fluorierungsmittel sind, können die Fluorierung trifunktioneller Organosilane und die Komplexbildung in einer Stufe erfolgen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19653410107
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  • 10
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    Measurement accuracy of semiconductor LDA systems (1990)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0723-4864
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1114
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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