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  • GEOPHYSICS  (72)
  • 1970-1974  (63)
  • 1960-1964  (9)
  • 1972  (63)
  • 1964  (9)
  • 1
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    The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. I - Calibrated thermal emission spectra. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the infrared spectrum of the earth and atmosphere between 400 and 1600/cm. In an effort to obtain spectra with high absolute accuracy, it was necessary to incorporate many factors into the calibration, including small departures from unity in the emissivity of the on-board calibration source, imbalance between cold and warm calibration ports, and effects due to orbital variations in instrument temperature. The inclusion of such higher order corrections, along with careful data screening processes, has ensured a high quality data set that can be used in a variety of geophysical and meteorological investigations. Representative samples of data are presented that illustrate the behavior of the thermal emission spectra under a variety of conditions encountered in a typical orbit, including extremes in temperature, surface reststrahlung (or residual ray) effects, and various types of cloud conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 20
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    A multispectral technique to determine sea surface temperature using Nimbus 2 data. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three channels of the Nimbus 2 five-channel Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer have been employed in the development of a technique to determine sea surface temperature. Two of the channels in the 0.2-4.0 and 6.4-6.9 micron spectral regions are used to indicate a cloud-free line of sight and the third, a high signal-to-noise window channel (10-11 microns), measures the equivalent blackbody temperature (Tbb) which is a function of the thermal emission from the sea surface and the intervening atmosphere. Equivalent blackbody temperatures and normalized reflectance thresholds were established using frequency distributions from the 6.4-6.9 and 0.2-4.0 micron channels, respectively, to determine the existence of cloud-free conditions. The window Tbb's were compared with ship ocean temperature measurements for a one-month period over the western North Atlantic. This comparison revealed a plus or minus 1.5 K dispersion about the mean difference between the ship temperatures and window Tbb's between 31-34 N.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Physical Oceanography; 2; Apr. 197
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Vertical motions inferred from satellite radiometry (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Medium resolution radiometer measurements on Nimbus 2 and 3 and relatively high resolution measurements on Nimbus 4 have been made in 6.4 to 6.9 and 20 to 23 microns water vapor absorption regions where the weighed means in the observed radiation occur in the troposphere near the 400 and 600 mbar levels, respectively. An example of the imagery obtained from the Nimbus 4 temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) is shown. This example demonstrates clearly that there is a distinct pattern difference between the 6.7 microns observations coming from the midtroposphere and the more common 11.5 microns atmospheric window observations showing the emitted radiation associated with opaque surfaces such as the ground or optically thick clouds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 37-41
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    A multispectral method of measuring sea surface temperatures from satellites (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A multispectral technique has been developed which independently tests for the presence of clouds before a registered window radiance measurement is accepted as coming from the sea surface and the intervening atmosphere. The spatial resolution of ocean temperature mapping can be the same as that of the radiometer. With the 55 km subsatellite track resolution of the Nimbus 2 MRIR, current boundaries and upwelling areas have been successfully identified. Knowledge of the position of these regions and temperatures within them are important to the detection of areas of high chlorophyll concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 1; 14 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Nimbus hydrological observations over the watersheds of the Niger and Indus rivers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: As a result of studying the Nimbus imagery over these two watersheds, it is felt that a perspective and understanding of the large scale hydrological processes and their interrelationship has been obtained which could be obtained by no other means in so short a time. In the case of the Niger River a much better appreciation of the flooding process has been obtained along with the role of the Inland Delta in this process. Obviously a knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of the snow-melt process in the Indus River watershed is now available that was obtained with minimal effort, as compared to the effort and time that would be required using conventional methods. It seems clear that even the low resolution data easily available from meteorological satellites can be a valuable source of information in the better management of the water resources in these regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 1; 11 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Measurements of the Total Electron Content and the Equivalent Slab Thickness of the Mid-latitude Ionosphere (1964)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-29
    Description: Transit IVA satellite and ionosonde differential Doppler data for mid-latitude ionosphere total electron content and equivalent slab thickness
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-60710
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Improvement of synoptic scale moisture and wind field analyses using the Nimbus 4 THIR 6.7 micron observations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Nimbus 4 temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) monitors radiation in the 6.5 to 7.2 micron water vapor absorption with a 23 kilometer spatial resolution at the sub-satellite point. Radiation monitored in this spectral region results primarily from emission in the 250 to 500 millibar region of the upper troposphere. The THIR 6.7 micron observations are readily available in photofacsimile imagery form which shows very distinctive patterns associated with spatial variations in atmospheric water vapor. These radiometric observations were combined in several instances with moisture values measured in the upper troposphere by the standard radiosonde network. In each instance, the result is a much more consistent analysis showing increased spatial detail that agrees with the radiometric observations and does not compromise the conventional data. The improved moisture analyses show relatively dry and moist tongues that are very difficult or impossible to infer from the conventional data alone. The patterns in the moisture fields can be tracked over 12 and 24 hour periods. In addition, by keeping in mind the advective properties of the moisture field, success was achieved in improving streamline analyses at the 400 mb level over data sparse regions on a global scale.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-65996 , X-651-72-101
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Apparatus for investigation of the amplitude frequency response of the ionospheric scattering channel (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Equipment for studying the amplitude frequency response of the ionospheric scattering channel is described, having multipath signal propagation. Experimental results are reported, including nonuniformity in the channel's amplitude frequency response.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 39-45
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Parameters of small scale ionization inhomogeneities in the F region of the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The results of the parameters of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities study of the ionosphere's F-region for October-November 1965 and January-February 1966 are presented. It is shown that the most probable values of the inhomogeneity parameters are as follows: degree of anisotropy 1.4-2; vertical dimension 200-400 m; horizontal dimensions along major and minor axes 400-1000 and 200-600 m, respectively; rate of chaotic motions 30-60 m/sec; lifetime 6-9 sec.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 23-29
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    On the selection of a vertical base in the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The problem of selecting a vertical base in the ionosphere that permits registration of vertical motions of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities of the ionosphere's F-region is discussed. The accuracy of calculation of the vertical drift-velocity component is estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 7-12
    Format: text
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