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  • Chemistry  (12)
  • Organic Chemistry  (3)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 2020-2022
  • 1960-1964  (12)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1960  (12)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2020-2022
  • 1960-1964  (12)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 465-473 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Titanium as material for chemical equipmentBecause of its favourable properties, titanium has very quickly passed through its first development stages and has meanwhile reached considerable production figures. Though the specific gravity of titanium is little more than half of that of steel, its strength corresponds to that of high-grade steel. Whilst these properties are of particular interest to aircraft production, the high corrosion resistance of titanium has led to a steadily increasing use of this metal as a material for chemical equipment. In this sphere, titanium is primarily used in cases where the corrosion problems encountered cannot be solved, or cannot be satisfactorily solved, by conventional materials. In many cases, the media concerned are those where the corrosion is caused by chlorine ions. This may cause the well-known phenomenon of pitting corrosion even with, e.g. stainless steel, whilst titanium can generally be regarded as absolutely corrosion-proof even in such media.A number of illustrations of titanium components, some of them on a large scale, show the scope of applications for which this new metal is already being used and processed. Since the best processing conditions for titanium have now been worked out and the necessary machinery etc. is now available, the manufacture of titanium components and titanium linings is generally no longer very difficult. Special experience and care is required for the welding of titanium parts in order to prevent oxygen and nitrogen from reaching the melt and thus causing embrittlement.A number of hints of a structural nature that must be taken into account in using titanium should be of value to the designer.Finally, it is shown on the strength of a number of examples that, in spite of its higher price compared with conventional materials, titanium often permits the most economic solution of a problem, all the more so as the prices of titanium have already shown a considerable decrease as the demand increased.
    Notes: Aufgrund der guten Eigenschaften von Titan hat es die ersten Stufen seiner Entwicklung sehr schnell durchlaufen und hat inzwischen eine beträchtliche Produktionshöhe erreicht. Bei dem geringen spezifischen Gewicht von nur etwas mehr als der Hälfte von Stahl weist es Festigkeiten auf, die denen der Edelstähle entsprechen. Während diese Eigenschaften vornehmlich für den Flugzeugbau interessant sind, führt die hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Titans zu der stetig wachsenden Verwendung dieses Metalls im Bereich des chemischen Apparatebaues. Hier wird es in erster Linie eingesetzt in den Fällen, bei denen mit den herkömmlichen Werkstoffen die vorliegenden Korrosionsprobleme nicht oder nur unbefriedigend gelöst werden können. Vielfach handelt es sich dabei um Medien, bei denen ein Angriff von Chlorionen eintritt. Dieser verursacht bei beispielsweise rostfreiem Stahl den bekannten Lochfraß, während Titan in solchen Medien im allgemeinen als absolut beständig angesehen werden darf.Anhand etlicher Bilder von Titanteilen auch in großen Abmessungen wird gezeigt, in welchen Größenordnungen dieses neue Metall heute bereits angewendet und verarbeitet wird. Nachdem die besten Verarbeitungsbedingungen für Titan erarbeitet wurden und die hierzu erforderlichen Vorrichtungen etc. vorhanden sind, bereitet die Fertigung von Titanteilen und Titanauskleidungen im allgemeinen keine großen Schwierigkeiten mehr. Vor allem erfordert das Schweißen große Erfahrungen und Sorgfalt, um zu verhindern, daß während des Schweißens Sauerstoff zum Schweißbad gelangt, durch die das Material versprödet wird.Eine Reihe von Hinweisen konstruktiver Art, die bei der Verwendung von Titan besonders berücksichtigt werden müssen, sind besonders für den Konstrukteur wertvoll.Schließlich wird anhand einiger Beispiele gezeigt, daß das Titan trotz seines gegenüber den herkömmlichen Werkstoffen höheren Preises vielfach die wirtschaftlichste Lösung eines Problems ermöglicht, zumal die Preise des Titans selbst mit steigender Verwendung bereits erheblich ermäßigt werden konnten.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Paints for underwater use (Antifouling Paints)The corrosion protection of locks, weirs, water tanks and similar objects continually exposed to contact with water is among the most difficult tasks of painting technology.The article deals with the loads to which teh coatings are exposed, the requirements to be met by the paints destined for underwater use, and the qualitative assessment of the different agents.
    Notes: Der Korrosionsschutz von Schleusen, Wehren, Wasserbehältern u. a. Objekten, die ständig der Einwirkung von Wasser ausgesetzt sind, gehört zu den schwierigsten Aufgaben, die der Anstrichtechnik gestellt werden.Die Belastung der Anstriche, die Anforderungen an die Anstrichmittel für Unterwasserbeanspruchung und die Beurteilung der verschiedensten Anstrichmittel werden behandelt.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4 (1960), S. 122-122 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 43 (1960), S. 457-458 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 43 (1960), S. 1005-1010 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of cyanide ion with reduced 2-amino-6-hydroxy-pteridine yields 2-amino-6-hydroxy-dihydro-pteridine-8-carboxamide. Evidence is presented that the hydrogens are in the 7 and 10 positions. They can be readily removed by a number of mild oxidizing agents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure IVa, proposed by JAFFÉ, GARDNER and SI-JUNG YEH for the conjugate acid of trans-azobenzene, is shown to be untenable. Experimental evidence of various kinds proves that in the conjugate acids of cis-and trans-azobenzene the cis- and trans-configurations are retained.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 37 (1960), S. 46-52 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinyl-trans-cinnamat, ein asymmetrisches Divinylmonomeres, wurde synthetisiert und aus ihm ein lineares lösliches Polymeres hergestellt.Mit Hilfe von Infrarotspektren sowie auf chemischem Wege konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Polymeren sich von einem Polyvinylcinnamat, das durch Veresterung von Polyvinylalkohol mit Zimtsäurechlorid erhalten wurde, wesentlich unterscheiden.Die Polymeren, die durch Polymerisation des Monomern erhalten wurden, sind durch die Anwesenheit von γ-Lacton-Ringen, die infolge eines Cyclopolymerisationsmechanismus entstanden, gekennzeichnet.
    Notes: Vinyl trans-cinnamate, an unsymmetrical divinyl monomer, has been synthesized, and polymerized to linear, soluble polymers.It was found by infrared and chemical analysis that these polymers are quite different from polyvinyl cinnamates synthesized through esterification of polyvinyl alcohol by cinnamoyl chloride.The polymers prepared by polymerization of the monomer are characterized by the presence of γ-lactone rings resulting from a cyclopolymerization mechanism.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 48 (1960), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This report is concerned with the kinetics of the emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by the thermal decomposition of oil-soluble initiators particularly cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Only those systems are considered in which the latex particles are so small that two radicals cannot coexit for a significant length of time. Polymerization rate, particle size, and molecular weight of the polymer have been determined at 40, 50, and 70°C. as a function of initiator concentration. At low CHP concentrations the polymerization rate per particle conforms to Smith-Ewart kinetics, i.e., on the average one polymer radical propagates during half the time in each particle. Therefore it is concluded that, although CHP may decompose into radical pairs, polymer radicals are formed one by one. It is shown that even very low rates of transfer of single radicals from the particles to the aqueous phase, or vice versa, suffice to account for the observed polymerization rates per particle. An alternative mechanism is considered in which CHP decomposes on the surface of the particle, the organic radical enters the particle, and the hydroxyl radical remains in the aqueous phase. The rate of polymerization per particle is observed to decrease with increasing CHP concentration. The fact that the transfer coefficient of this initiator is several orders of magnitude higher than that of cumene sustains the supposition that the polystyryl radical abstracts the periodic hydrogen from the peroxide. The decrease in polymerization-rate is attributed to the inactivity of the resulting ROO·radical. The Mayo formula for the reciprocal degree of polymerization is reformulated to incorporate this kinetic feature. The dependence of polymerization rate on CHP concentration, derived from the new formula, generally agrees with experimental results. Transfer coefficients of the polystyryl radical to CHP and other organic peroxides are given. From the data it can also be concluded that the decomposition rate of CHP in emulsion polymerization is an order of magnitude larger than in styrene solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 36 (1960), S. 115-132 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polypropylen wurde nach zwei verschiedenen Verfahren in einer Kolonne fraktioniert. Das eine, ein bei 150°C. durchgeführtes Elutionsverfahren mit sich kontinuierlich ändernder Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung, bewirkt eine Trennung nur nach Molekulargewicht; das andere, eine Elution mit einem einzigen Lösungsmittel bei steigender Temperatur, trennt auch nach Kristallinität. Die beiden Methoden werden verglichen, und es wird gezeigt, daß der Aufbau des Polypropylens sich am besten bestimmen läßt, wenn man sie nacheinander anwendet. Es wird ferner gezeigt, daß in dieser Weise nach der Methode mit steigender Temperatur zwischen 60 und 95°C erhaltene Fraktionen aus Material mit weiten Molekulargewichts- und Kristallinitätsbereichen bestehen.
    Notes: Polypropylene has been fractionated by two methods of column fractionation. One, a gradient elution fractionation at 150°C., fractionates according to molecular weight only; the other, elution with one solvent at increasing temperatures separates also according to crystallinity. The two methods are compared and it is shown that polypropylene is best characterized by applying the two methods successively. It is demonstrated that fractions obtained in this way between 60 and 95°C. in an increasing temperature fractionation consist of material possessing a wide range in molecular weight and in crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Emulsion polymerizations of styrene were carried out at different phase ratios. The initial soap concentration was varied from below to above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Above the CMC the number of particles formed agrees with values calculated from the Smith-Ewart theory. As the soap concentration is reduced below the CMC the number of particles decreases sharply. In this concentration range the number of particles is independent of the amount of initiator but depends strongly on soap concentration. Kinetic features suggest a similarity between particle formation in these polymerizations and in homogeneous precipitation of inorganic insoluble salts. The coefficient of variation of particle diameter distribution below the CMC is about 2.5% and at high soap concentration about 15%. Bimodal distributions are obtained when the initial soap concentration is near the CMC. The initiation efficiency of persulfate is calculated from the rate and degree of polymerization and also from the number of particles formed. The efficiency increases from 0.2 to 0.6 with decreasing persulfate concentration. When the particles are smaller than about 0.12 μ, polymerization kinetics follow the Smith-Ewart theory. Values are reported for the monomer concentration in the particles and for the constant of propagation. Larger particles exhibit a gel effect, i.e., more than one radical can coexist in a particle for a significant lenght of time. From polymerization rate data and molecular weight measurements the rate constants for the transfer reaction to monomer and for termination are calculated. The latter constant is found to be two to three orders of magnitude smaller than values obtained in solution polymerization. The difference is attributed to the high viscosity of the interior of the particles which causes the termination reaction to be diffusion-controlled.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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