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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (98)
  • PROPULSION SYSTEMS  (5)
  • 1955-1959  (103)
  • 1958  (103)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 31 (1958), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The synthesis of an ion exchanger selective for nickel and containing a vicinal dioxime group has been investigated. This problem has previously been studied by Kljačko who briefly reported the preparation of an ion exchange resin by introduction of dimethylglyoxime into a sulforesorcinol-type catex in the condensation stage. Repetition of his work showed that the resin thus obtained has some serious shortcomings. Thus, loss of dimethylglyoxime was observed both by elution and by destruction on reaction with formaldehyde, which leads to the disappearance of the complex-forming properties of the resin. The elution of dimethylglyoxime from the resin may be avoided by introducing the 1,2-dioxime grouping into a molecule which itself is capable of undergoing polymerization with formaldehyde, e.g., p, p′-dihydroxybenzildioxime; this does not, however, avoid the destructive effect of formaldehyde on the dioxime grouping. Another approach consists in suitably modifying a phenol-formaldehyde resin. Thus, good retention of nickel was realized with the o-(2,3-dioximinobutyl)derivative of a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. The disadvantage of this particular material is its low stability, especially at high pH values. More resistant resins could be obtained from a polystyrene resin by successive introduction of a propionyl group, nitrosation, and oximation. An investigation of the constitution of the polymeric material showed that the propionyl group is introduced into the p-position, whereas in monomeric styrene the propionyl group enters into the β-position of the side chain. The dioxime derivative of polystyrene has a capacity for nickel of 2 meq./g. The coloration of the polymer corresponded to that of a low molecular weight dioxime-nickel complex. The ion-exchanger prepared from linear polystyrene did not have suitable mechanical properties; subsequent studies were therefore carried out on a suspension styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (0:3; 1.0% DVB). Conditions for obtaining the desired amount of substitution were found. At present, the influence of the concentration of the primary substituent on the reactivity of the copolymer is being studied.
    Notes: Es wurde die Synthese eines gegenüber Nickel selektiven und 1,2-Dioximgruppe als aktive Gruppe enthältenden Ionenaustauschers untersucht. Dieses Problem wurde schon früher von Kljatschko studiert, der die Darstellung eines Kunstharzionenaus-tauschers durch die Einführung von Dimethylglyoxim in den Sulfo-Resorcin-Kationen austauscher im Stadium der Kondensation in kurzgefasster Form beschrieben hat. Bei der Anwendung seiner Methode wurde festgestellt, dass sie nicht zu positiven Resultaten führt. Dimethylglyoxim wird dabei aus dem Harze teilweise extrahiert, grösstenteils aber durch die Einwirkung von Formaldehyd zersetzt, und die komplexbildenden Eigenschaften eingebüsst werden. Die Elution von Dimethylglyoxim aus dem Harze kann durch die Einführung der 1,2-Dioximgruppe in das Molekül beseitigt werden, das mit Formaldehyd in Polykondensation treten kann z. B. p, p′-Dioxybenzildioxim; es wird dabei jedoch der destruktive Einfluss von Formaldehyd auf die Dioximgruppe nicht beseitigt. Eine andere Möglichkeit bietet eine geeignete Behandlung des Phenol-Formaldehydharzes. So eignet sich z.B. für eine Nickelaufnahme das o-2,3-Dioximinobutylderivat des Resorcin-Formaldehyd-Harzes. Es besitzt jedoch eine geringe Stabilität, besonders bei erhöhten pH-Werten. Harze mit erhöhter Beständigkeit wurden aus Polystyrol-Harz hergestellt durch die aufeinander folgenden: Propionylierung, Nitrosierung und Oximierung. Das Studium über die Struktur des polymären Materials zeigte, dass die Einführung der Propionylgruppe p-ständig verläuft, während in dem Styrolmonomeren die Propionylgruppe in die ω-Stellung an der Seitenkette eintritt. Das Dioximderivat Polystyrols besitzt für Nickel eine Austauschkapazität von 2 meter/g und das Verfärben des Polymeren bei der Sorption entspricht dem Verfärben der niedermolekularen Dioxim-Nickel-Komplexe. Die von linearen Polystyrol dargestellten Ionenaustauscher besassen nicht die erforderlichen mechanischen Eigenschaften; es wurden also Versuche ausgeführt mit einem Styrol-Divinylbenzol Suspensionskopolymeren (0,3; 1.0% DVB). Es wurden dabei Bedingungen für das Erreichen des erforderten Umsetzungsgrades gefunden. Gegenwärtig wird der Einfluss von der Konzentration des primären Substituents auf die Reaktionsfähigkeit des Mischpolymerisats untersucht.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-05-23
    Description: Combustion efficiency of gaseous hydrogen fuel for ramjets at very high altitudes and high distortion
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: NACA-RM-E58A23
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 29 (1958), S. 381-397 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Monomolecular layer properties are tools for the investigation of molecular size, morphology, and sometimes structure. The application of the surface osmometry gives the molecular weight of some macromolecules. Several examples show an agreement with classical data obtained by other procedures. This method was applied successfully especially in the case of proteins. For synthetic macromolecules, the data are not always in agreement with the data obtained by the usual techniques; generally these data have poorer agreement for macromolecules with low rigidity. In this paper, two cases are considered: A rather rigid macromolecule and two others more or less flexible. We propose a new determination method for the molecular weight based on surface viscometry. This method supposes the transposition of Staudinger's equation in a space of two dimensions.
    Notes: Les propriétés des couches monomoléculaires constituent un moyen d'investigation qui fournit des renseignements sur la grandeur de la molécule, sur sa morphologie e t parfois sur sa structure. C'est l'application de I'osmométrie superficielle qui conduit à la détermination de la masse nioléculaire de certaines macromolécules. De nombreux exemples montrent m e concordance avec les résultats classiques obtenus par d'autres procédés. Cette méthode a été employée avec succès surtout pour les protéines. En ce qui concerne les macromolécules de synthèse, on observe des résultats qui ne sont pas toujours en accord avec les données obtenues par les techniques hahituelles. En général, ces résultats sont moins concordants pour les macromolécules possédant une faible rigidité. Dans ce travail, nous prenons en considération deux cas: une macromolécule assez rigide, e t deux autres plus ou moins flexibles. Nous proposons m e nouvelle méthode dc détcrmination de la masse moléc:ulaire par la viscosimétrie superficielle. Cette méthotle envisage la transposition de l'équation de Staudinger dans l'espace à deux dimensions.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The previous paper discusses the effect of physical state during the irradiation on the fate of the polymer radicals produced. Additional experiments relating to trapped radicals in hydrocarbon polymers are discussed. Three different methods of detection were used; namely, infrared absorption at 5.8 μ, electron paramagnetic resonance, and gasuptake by the irradiated polymer. Conditions for producing trapped radicals at room temperature are that the polymer exist in the crystalline, glassy, or highly crosslinked form during irradiation. Radicals trapped in the crystalline or glassy areas can dissipate either as the result of heating the polymer above Tm or Tg or else by exposure to a radical scavenger, e.g., oxygen or ethylene. The lifetime of radicals trapped in Marlex-50 can be many thousands of hours at room temperature. Radical decay will take place even with storage in vacuum if given enough time. The decay is arrested by holding the sample at liquid nitrogen temperature. Loss in radical activity in Marlex-50 when stored in vacuum is due mainly to delayed crosslinking. Trans-vinylene and vinyl do not appear to enter into the reaction responsible for the decay. A comparison of the decay of radicals trapped in unbranched Marlex-50 with that in a branched low-density polyethylene when stored in ethylene, oxygen, and vacuum was made. The results suggest that although radicals are trapped in the crystalline regions of both polymers, there are differences between the two crystals - the crystals in the low-density polymer do not appear to be as tight as those in the Marlex-50. Delayed oxidation reactions occurring in the crystalline regions of irradiated Marlex-50 when stored in oxygen at room temperature require a number of intermediate steps before appearing as carbonyl. An average of 5 molecules of oxygen per polymer radical was used in forming carbonyl. Delayed main chain scissions occur during this process which cause severe embrittlement and loss in physical properties. Significant improvements in physical properties of Marlex-50 can be achieved through irradiation, but radicals must not be left trapped in the polymer.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 27 (1958), S. 177-197 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sorption and diffusion of C4 and C5 hydrocarbons have been studied in thin films of ethyl cellulose in the temperature range 30 to 80°C. Only regions of low penetrant concentration were chosen in order to minimize hysteresis effects associated with slow relaxation of polymer chains. The data have been quantitatively compared with those for the same penetrants in rubber, since ethyl cellulose and rubber are examples of stiff and flexible chain polymers, respectively. In both solution and diffusion some major differences were found between the two types of medium. In rubber the heats of dilution were small and the corresponding positive entropies close to those predicted by the lattice theory of solutions. On the other hand, in ethyl cellulose at low penetrant concentrations the heats of dilution were strongly exothermal and the entropies negative. For both polymers diffusion coefficients of penetrants were dependent upon concentration, but whereas in rubber this concentration dependent decreased rapidly with rising temperature, in ethyl cellulose it was largely independent of temperature. Energy barriers involved in each unit diffusion process were comparable for a given hydrocarbon in rubber and in ethyl cellulose, while the molecular shape of the penetrant molecule substantially influenced the diffusion coefficients in each polymer. Further interpretation of the diffusion coefficients suggested that the involvement of polymer chains in each unit diffusion is much less for ethyl cellulose than for rubber. Explanations are offered, based upon the nature of the chains composing the two media and upon the existence of holes in the ethyl cellulose network, for the essential differences indicated above. The relative efficiency of ethyl cellulose and rubber membranes for gas separation is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 28 (1958), S. 413-420 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Styrene has been polymerized at 80°C. using as sensitizer benzoyl peroxide labeled with carbon-14 in the benzene rings. From the specific activities of the polymers before and after hydrolysis, it has been possible to compare the velocity constants for the alternative reactions of the benzoyloxy radical, viz., addition to monomer or decomposition into a phenyl radical and carbon dioxide. By combining these results with those obtained at 60°C., the difference between the activation energies for the two reactions of the benzoyloxy radical has been calculated. Assuming normal values for the activation energy of the addition reaction and for the frequency factor of the decomposition reaction, the rate constant for the latter has been calculated.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 29 (1958), S. 411-416 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The following N-substituted acrylamides were prepared: TextA = CH2Acrylyl piperidine C8H13ONb.p. 114(15) n20D = 1.5060 d204 = 1.023A = OAcrylyl morpholine C7H11O2N135(14)1.50801.114A = SAcrylyl thiomorpholine C7H11ONS150(13)1.56021.165Acrylyl pyrrolidine C7H11ON115(14)1.49901.030Acrylyl chloride reacts with the cyclic amines in the presence of triethylamine either in benzene or in toluene solution at temperature lower than 10° in satisfactory way. The obtained acrylamides react also with cyclic amines at room temperature yielding β-amino amide. TextN-(β-Morpholino propionyl) morpholineC11H20O3N2m.p. = 91°-2°N-(β-Piperidino propionyl) piperidineC13H24ON245°N-(β-Piperidino propionyl) morpholineC12H22O2N225°N-(β-Pyrrolidino propionyl) morpholineC10H20O2N267°N-(β-Morpholino propionyl) piperidineC12H22O2N20°Polymerization of the substituted acrylamides is easily obtained either by heating or by UV light, or by adding catalysts. In order to get comparative results, we prepared all our polymers by the same way: a solution of the monomer was heated for several hours in presence of 0.5% azoisobutyronitrile. The obtained polymers were fractionated. The polymorpholide is soluble in water and insoluble in benzene, whereas both the piperidide and the pyrrolidide are soluble in benzene, and the thiomorpholide is insoluble in both solvents. The coefficients of the viscosity law [η] = KMa were determined.
    Notes: Nous avons préparé les acrylamides de formule générale suivante: TextA = CH2:Pipéridide acrylique:C8H13ONE15114°n20D= 1,5060d204= 1,023A = 0:Morpholide acrylique:C7H11O2NE16135°= 1,5080= 1,114A = S:Thiomorpholideacrylique:C7H11ONSE13150°= 1,5602= 1,165Pyrrolidide acrylique:C7H11ONE14115°= 1,4990= 1,030La meilleure méthode de synthèse au laboratoire consiste à traiter le chlorure d'acroyle par l'amine en présence de triéthylamine, en solution dans le benzène ou le toluène à une température inférieure B 10°. Ces monomères réagissent dès la température ordinaire sur les amines cycliques en donnant des combinaisons saturées. Textβ Morpholino-propionyl-morpholideC11H20O3N2F:91-2β Pipéridino-propionyl-pipéridideC13H24ON2F:45°β Pipéridino-propionyl-morpholideC12H22O2N2F ∼ 25°β Pyrrolidino-propionyl-morpholideC10H20O2N2F = 67°β Morpholino-propionyl-pipéridideC12H22O2N2F ∼ 0°En vue d'une étude comparative, les polymères ont été uniformement preparés en chauffant a 50-60° pendant plusieurs heures une solution du monomère en présence de 0,5% d'azoisobutyronitrile, puis fractionnés par précipitation. Seul le polymorpholide se dissout dans l'eau; le polypyrrolidide et le polypipéridide se dissolvent dans le benzène, tandis que le thiomorpholide est insoluble dans les deux solvants. Les coefficients de la loi [η] = KMa ont été determinés.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The bands due to stretching of OH groups in celluloses I, II and IIII have been studied with plane polarized infrared radiation. The spectra show that all three crystalline modifications contain OH groups which make an angle much smaller than 55° with the chain direction, while other OH groups make angles greater than 55° with this direction. The former OH groups are attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonds which join successive glucose residues in the cellulose chain. It is shown that ether oxygen atoms must participate in the hydrogen-bonding systems in all three modifications. The symmetries of the cellulose chains and the relationship between the two chains in the unit cell are discussed in relation to the number of distinguishable OH groups. Structures are described which are in agreement with the infrared results and with the stereochemical considerations presented in Part III of this series. The frequencies of the bands due to intramolecular hydrogen bonds suggest that the chains in cellulose I have a different molecular form from those in celluloses II and IIII. This difference may not be very large, however, in relation to the accuracy with which polymer structures are normally determined.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the intensity of light scattered by an isolated linear polymer chain with excluded volume has been evaluated for conditions corresponding to those met in experiment. The expression proves to be an excellent approximation to light scattering results for a very high molecular weight polystyrene fraction, thus providing an explanation for what appeared to be an anomalously large polydispersity when the data were treated according to the usual random flight model. Coil sizes were calculated and compared with the values obtained from the data by other methods.
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