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  • Chemistry  (36)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (2)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (2)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (2)
  • Capillary GC
  • Magnetism
  • taxonomy
  • 1990-1994  (25)
  • 1955-1959  (13)
  • 1993  (25)
  • 1958  (13)
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  • 1990-1994  (25)
  • 1955-1959  (13)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 70 (1958), S. 612-612 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 70 (1958), S. 552-570 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Wechselbeziehungen innerhalb des Netzwerks von Redox-Reaktionen, das sich über einen großen Teil der metabolisch wesentlichen Funktionen lebender Zellen erstreckt, werden erörtert. Anschließend an die Darlegung grundsätzlicher Gegebenheiten bei der Zerlegung der Brennstoffe werden einige Gruppen von Redox-Systemen in verschiedenen Räumen der Zellen und Gewebe in ihren Beziehungen zur Biosynthese, zur Bioenergetik und zur Zellatmung behandelt. Neuere Ergebnisse aus dem Arbeitskreis der Verfasser stehen dabei im Vordergrund. Die Beispiele zeigen, wie weitgehend die Entwicklung der Problematik der dynamischen Biochemie an den Fortschritt der Cytologie gebunden ist.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 97-110 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Ablation von Triazenpolymeren durch Exzimerlaserpulse mit einer Welenlänge von 308 nm wird als Funktion der auf der Oberfläche deponierten Energiedichte untersucht. Um PMMA, welches als Homopolymeres keine Absorption bei 308 nm aufweist, für die Ablation bei dieser Wellenlänge zu sensitivieren, wird ein PMMA-Copolymeres synthetisiert, in welchem ein Anteil von 0.3 mol-% der Seitengruppen die Triazengruppe enthält. An diesem Material beabachtet man Abtragtiefen von bis zu ≈ 30μm pro Puls; das Ablationsverhalten des Copolymeren ist in dieser Hinsicht vergleichbar mit demjenigen von PMMA, welches durch Lösen niedermolekularer Triazenverbindungen physikalisch dotiert wird.Als Alternative zur Copolymerisation werden durch eine Polykondensationsreaktion Triazen-Hauptkettenpolymere mit einer bzw. zwei Triazengruppen pro Wiederholungseinheit synthetisiert (Polymere TP 1 bzw. TP 2). Während die Bestrahlung von TP 1 in unbefriedigenden Ablationsprofilen mit geneigten Kraterwänden resultiert, erhält man bei TP 2 gut definierte kreisförmige Profile mit scharfen Kanten, senkrechten Wänden und ebenen Böden der Ablationskrater. Ein Vergleich des Ablationsverhaltens von TP 2 bei 248 und 308 nm zeigt eine höhere Effizienz der Einstrahlung bei der größeren Wellenlänge: Der Grenzwert der Abtragtiefe pro Plus für hohe Laser-Energiedichten beträgt 1 μm bei 248 nm, im Vergleich zu 3 μm bei 308 nm. Diese Wellenlängenabhängigkeit wird auf dem Mechanismus der Ablation im vorliegenden System zurückgeführt: Der bei der Photolyse der Triazene freigesetzte Stickstoff wirkt als ‘Treibgas’ für die Ablation. Als Konsequenz wird im Bereich der eingesetzten Laser-Energiedichten bereits beim ersten Plus Abtragung von Material beobachtet, d. h. es sind keine Inkubationspulse erforderlich.
    Notes: The excimer laser-induced ablation of triazene polymers at a wavelength of 308 nm has been investigated as a function of laser fluence deposited on the surface in one or several pulses. PMMA, which as a homopolymer can not be ablated at 308 nm, has been sensitized for ablation at this wavelength by synthesizing a copolymer in which 0.3 mol-% of the side chains contain the triazene functional groups. The high ablated depths per pulse achieved in this manner are similar to the ones observed upon physical doping of PMMA with monomeric triazene compounds. In an alternative approach, the triazene functional group is introduced once (polymer TP 1) or twice (TP 2) into each repeating unit of the polymer backbone by a polycondensation reaction. Irradiation of TP 1 gives rise to ill-defined ablation profiles with sloping wall. In contrast, clean circular ablation profiles are obtained with polymer TP 2, which are characterized by circular contours, steep edges, and flat bottoms of the ablated craters. The origins of these differences are investigated. A comparative study of excimer laser ablation of TP 2 at 248 and 308 nm shows that the latter wavelength is more effective; the plateau value of the ablated depth per pulse corresponds to ≈ 1 μm at 248 nm and ≈ 3 μm at 308 nm. This dependence is attributed to the photolysis behaviour of the triazene compounds: nitrogen released upon photolytic bond cleavage acts as a driving gas which promotes the ablation. As a consequence, no ‘incubation pulses’ are required for triazene polymer ablation in the investigated fluence range.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymere, die bei einer spezifischen Wellenlänge nicht absorbieren, können durch Dotierung mit geringen Konzentrationen geeigneter Verbindungen für die laserinduzierte Oberflächenmodifizierung und -ablation sensitiviert werden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung fand diese Methode bei der Ablation von PMMA mit XeCl*-Excimerlaserstrahlung von 308 nm Anwendung. Als Ablationspromotoren wurden mehrere substituierte Phenyl- und Diphenyltriazene, zwei Pentazadiene sowie eine Hexazadienverbindung in Konzentrationen von 1, 2 und 5 Gew.-% eingesetzt. Diese Substanzen setzen bei ihrer photochemischen Zersetzung Stickstoff frie. Das Ablationsverhalten des PMMA hängt von dessen Molekulargewicht in der Form ab, daß ein höheres Molekulargewicht zu geringeren Abtragtiefen pro Puls führt. Die mit den verschiedenen Promotoren erreidchten äAtzraten sind mit deren photophysikalischen und photochemischen Eigenschaften in Lösung (z.B. dem Absorptionsquerschnitt und der Quantenausbeute bei der Photolyse) korreliert. Oberhalb einer charakteristischen Mindestkonzentration des Additivs verläuft die Abtragtiefe annähernd umgekehrt proportional zu dessen Konzentration. Im Bereich niedrigen Laserenergieflusses hängt die Abtragtiefe pro Puls logarithmisch vom Energiefluß ab und ist proportional zur Quantenausbeute bei der Photolyse in Lösung. Für die Grenzätzrate bei hohem Energiefluß wurde keine Korrelation zum Absorptionsquerschnitt in Lösung beobachtet.
    Notes: Polymers which are not absorbing at the wavelength of irradiation may be sensitized by doping with low concentrations of suitable compounds for laser-induced surface modification and ablation. In the present study this approach is applied to the ablation of PMMA by 308 nm irradiation (XeCl* excimer laser). Substituted phenyltriazene and diphenyltriazene compounds, two pentazadienes and a hexazadiene are tested as ablation promoters in concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 wt.-%, respectively. From all of these compounds, nitrogen is released upon photochemical decomposition.A significant influence of the PMMA molecular weight on the ablation characteristics is found: higher molecular weights result in lower ablated depths per pulse. The etch rates achieved for the various dopants are correlated with the photophysical and photochemical parameters (i. e., absorption cross section and photolysis quantum yield) in solution. Above a characteristic minimum concentration of the additive, the ablated depth is approximately inversely proportional to the dopant concentration. In the regime of low laser fluence, the ablated depth per pulse scales with the logarithm of fluence, and is proportional to the quantum yield of photolysis in solution. For the limiting etch rate at high fluence, no correlation with the solution absorption cross section was found.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 33 (1993), S. 659-664 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogen bonding between N-t-butoxycarbonylproline N′-methylamide and phenol derivatives (pKa = 10.20-7.75) are investigated by ir and Fourier transform ir spectrometry. The thermodynamic parameters determined in carbon tetrachloride solution show that the complexes are of medium strength, the stability constants at 298 K range from 80 to 1530 L mol-1, and the enthalpies of complex formation range from - 30 to -34 kJ mol-1. The study of the ir spectra in the νOH, νNH, and νc=o regions shows that complex formation occurs at the oxygen atom of the amide carbonyl. Hydrogen-bond formation at this site strengthens the intramolecular hydrogen bond of the seven-membered ring. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1040-7685
    Keywords: solid phase extraction ; thermal desorption ; on-line ; aqueous samples ; gas chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A module for combined solid-phase extraction and thermal desorption (SPETD) was incorporated into a system for automated GC analysis. Solid-phase extraction of analytes from water could be carried out after injection of an aqueous sample of 100 μL either by a loop using the carrier gas for sample introduction or manually with a syringe. After drying of the stationary phase by the carrier gas at a high flow rate, thermal desorption could be carried out at temperatures up to 300-350°C. Suitable packing materials for the liner in the SPETD module, i.e., materials which efficiently trap the organic compounds from an aqueous solution and are sufficiently thermostable, include Tenax and carbon-based phases, as well as a silylated alkylmodified silica. With the latter, however, the problem of efficient drying after sorption still must be solved. Each phase has its own application range which, from among the analytes which are trapped during sorption, is determined at the volatile end by losses occurring during drying by helium purging, and at the nonvolatile end by losses due to incomplete release during thermal desorption. From this study (using n-alkanes, chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols as test solutes), it appears that the Tenax phases, Tenax-TA and Tenax-GR, have the widest application range; essentially quantitative recoveries were obtained for C10 through C26 n-alkanes. The carbon-based phases appear to be useful for relatively volatile compounds, i.e., up to C19 n-alkanes. Each phase gave good recoveries for two test mixtures containing chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols dissolved in 100 μL of water at the 10 ppb level.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry (LC/TSP MS) has been used for the determination of vitamin D3 and some of its metabolites, i.e. 1α(OH) vitamin D3, 25(OH) vitamin D3, 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and 24,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, using positive and negative ion detection. Using these two modes positional isomers can be identified. Detection in the negative ion mode was preferred because of the slightly higher sensitivity. The limits of detection, using multiple ion detection, are 50-100 nM (6-12 pmol injected). On-line post-column derivatization based on [4 + 2] cyclo-addition (Diels-Alder reaction) proceeds within 1 min at room temperature. If this step is included in LC/TSP MS, the detection limits of the analytes can be improved 7-70-fold depending on the analyte tested. The best results (detection limits down to 1 nM, i.e. 0.12 pmol injected) are obtained with discharge ionization in the negative ion mode.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Microcolumn Separations 5 (1993), S. 303-315 
    ISSN: 1040-7685
    Keywords: capillary GC ; solid phase extraction ; membrane disks ; water samples ; automation ; nitrogen-phosphorus detection ; mass selective detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An automated procedure for the analysis of aqueous samples by membrane disk extraction coupled on-line to capillary gas chromatography (GC) is presented. Organophosphorus pesticides are preconcentrated from aqueous samples on three 0.5 mm thick, 4.0 mm diameter XAD-2 membrane extraction disks which are mounted in a polymer holder for use in a PROSPEKT sample processor. The layers are dried by a stream of nitrogen (30 min at ambient temperature). Desorption of the analytes is carried out with ethyl acetate which is directly introduced into a retention gap under partially concurrent solvent evaporation conditions, using an early solvent vapor exit. The method is a fully software-controlled automated system, and includes sample preparation, sample transfer and GC analysis. The final analysis is carried out by GC with nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD) or mass-selective detection. The technique is applied to the determination of a series of organophosphorus pesticides in tap water and water from European rivers. With a sample volume of only 2.5 mL, the detection limits achieved with the NPD were 20-50 ng L-1 in tap water and 20-100 ng L-1 in river water.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 30 (1958), S. 589-593 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wärmepumpen sind geeignet, Energielücken zu schließen. Nachfolgend werden Dampfstrahlverdichter, welche für Wärmepumpen geeignet sind, beschrieben. Beispiele für wirkungsvolle Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden gebracht.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 1113-1113 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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