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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (562)
  • Biology
  • GENERAL
  • General Chemistry
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1975-1979  (647)
  • 1955-1959  (85)
  • 1978  (214)
  • 1976  (217)
  • 1975  (216)
  • 1958  (85)
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  • 1975-1979  (647)
  • 1955-1959  (85)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 1 (1976), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The chemical mechanisms for the action of flame retardants are often mentioned in the literature but the physical modes of action are seldom. Discussed. This article presents one way to quantify their efficiency. The technique is based on literature data for the physical and thermal properties of flams retardants for temperatures from 25°C up to 1000°C. The prolongation of the time to ignition by heat absorption by the retardant and the amount of inert gas evolved by the retardant are calculated at a given radiation for a material flame-proofed with a given amount of the flame retardant. The ability to form an insulating surface layer is considered but not quantified. It is assumed that a medium density wood fibre building boards is treated with 2 kg of flame retardant per m2. The flame retardants included are borates, boric acid, phosphates and silicates. The board is assumed to be irradiated with an intensity of 15 k W m-2. Under these conditions an untreated board ignites after 6-7 min. The time to ignition is prolonged by 1-5 min through heat absorption by the different retardants, and the amount of inert gases evolved may be as high as 2.6 m3 per m2 board. The formation of an insulating surface layer is more difficult to quantify. The results confirm the importance of the physical modes of action of flame retardants and the technique could form the basis for evaluating materials in simulated fire situations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An optimized potential function for base-stacking interaction is constructed. Stacking energies between the complementary pairs of a dimer are calculated as a function of the rotational angle and separation distance. Using several different sets of atomic charges, the electrostatic component in the monopole-monopole approximation (MMA) is compared to the more refined segmented multipole-multipole representation (SMMA); the general features of the stacking minima are found to be correctly reproduced with IEHT or CNDO atomic charges. The electrostatic component is observed to control the location of stacking minima. The MMA, in general, is not a reliable approximation of the SMMA in regions away from minima; however, the MMA is reliable in predicting the location and nature of stacking minima. The attractive part of the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential is compared to and parameterized against the expression for the second-order interaction terms composed of multipole-bond polarizability for the polarization energy and transition-dipole bond polarizabilities for approximation of the dispersion energy. The repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential is compared to a Kitaygorodski-type repulsive function; changing the exponent from its usual value of 12 to 11.7 gives significantly better agreement with the more refined repulsive function. Stacking minima calculated with the optimized potential method are compared with various perturbation-type treatments. The optimized potential method yields results that compare as well with melting data as do any of the more recent and expensive perturbation methods.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 809-812 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Currently there is widespread use of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular components in total joint replacement prostheses. What has been most surprising about the wear of UHMWPE under such circumstances is the occurrence of brittle fracture. Such fracture had not been observed in the usual engineering tests done in the laboratory on UHMWPE. It was only when prosthese which had been removed from patients were examined or run in hip joint simulators with serum or synovial fluid as the lubricant, that brittle fracture was encountered. The problem of environment-enhanced brittle fracture in plastics dates back to 1946. Interestingly, the phenomenon was first described in polyethylene. The prime variables involved are polymer molecular weight, sensitizing environment, stress filed, and temperature. Other things being equal, brittle behavior in polyethylene is extremely sensitive to the amount of low molecular weight polymer present. In the light of the foregoing we have studied the molecular weight distribution in six commercially available UHMWPE components. These were obtained from six different manufacturers. The specimens were characterized both on their bearing (wear) surfaces and in their interior bulk. The results obtained indicate that: 1The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of low molecular weight polymer.2The UHMWPE components differ significantly in molecular weight distribution.3The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of crosslinked polymer.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibitors of corrosion 19 (1). Autoxidation studies on Fe2+-trimethylene-1,3-bisphosphonate as a model of a corrosion inhibiting surface layerThe autoxidation rate of Fe2+ salts depends on the pH value and is practically equal to zero at pH 2 and very high at pH 5-7. Addition of trimethylene-1,3-bis-phosphonic acid slows down autoxidation and gives rise to an increase in oxygen consumption; this resulting consumption is higher than might be explained by the stoichiometry of the Fe2+ oxidation. This fact may be explained by the oxidative conversion of trimethylene-1,3-bis-phosphonic acid to phosphoric acid with salts of trivalent iron being precipitated. These Fe3+-bis-phosphonates are precipitated in a tridimensional network; the Fe:P ratio is between 0.5 and 0.9 and the Fe:P ratio is between 0.5 and 0.9 and decreases as the pH of the system is decreased.
    Notes: Die Autoxidationsgeschwindigkeit der Fe2+. Salze ist stark abhängig vom pH und ist bei pH 2 praktisch gleich Null, bei pH 5-7 sehr hoch. Durch Zusatz von Trimethylen-1,3-bis-phosphonsäure wird die Autoxidation etwas verlangsamt und der Sauerstoffverbrauch stärker erhöht als es der Stöchiometrie der Fe2+-Oxidation entspricht. Dieser Umstand erklärt sich durch den oxidativen Abbau der Trimethylen-1,3-bis-phosphonsäure zu Phosphorsäure, wobei Salze des dreiwertigen Eisens als Niederschlag ausfallen. Diese Fe3+-bis-phosphonate sind dreidimensional vernetzt; das Fe:P-Verhältnis liegt zwischen 0.5 und 0.9 und wird mit abnehmendem pH-Wert geringer.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion Inhibitors 21 (1) - Investigations into the autoxidation of Fe2+ salts of tetramethylene-1,4-bis-, hexamethylene-1,6-bis-, benzene-1,4-bis-phosphonic acids, phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid as a model of a surface layer inhibiting the corrosion of ironThe efficiency of organic bisphosphonic acids as inhibitors of the corrosion of iron is due to the fact that Fe2+ ions leaving the iron surface react with the acid immediately and give rise to the formation of threedimensional surface layers. The more dense the structure of these layers, the more resistant these network is against oxygen and the more resistant to hydrolysis are the Fe—OP bonds, the better the protective effect. Oxygen as well as chloride ions are then prevented excess to the metal surface. The distribution of phosphorus in the precipitates obtained during the model experiments yields information concerning the degree of crosslinking.
    Notes: Die Wirksamkeit der organischen Bisphosphonsäuren als Inhibitoren der Korrosion von Eisen ist dadurch bedingt, daß die aus der Eisenoberfläche auftretenden Fe2+-Ionen direkt am Austrittsort mit den Säuren reagieren und an Ort und Stelle dreidimensional vernetzte Deckschichten aufbauen. Je dichter die Struktur dieser Schichten, je beständiger das Netzwerk gegen Sauerstoff und je hydrolysebeständiger die Fe—OP-Bindungen, desto besser ist die Schutzwirkung: Dadurch wird sowohl dem Sauerstoff als auch dem Chloridion der Zugang zur Metalloberfläche verwehrt. Die Modellversuche ermöglichen aufgrund der Verteilung des Phosphors in den Niederschlägen Rückschlüsse auf den Vernetzungsgrad.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlamydocin, Iabu-L-Phe-D-Pro-LX, is a naturally occurring cyclic tetrapeptide that exhibits high cytostatic activity. The conformation of the peptide ring, as well as the stereo configuration in the vicinity of the epoxide ring, have been established by a single-crystal X-ray study of dihydrochlamydocin: C28H40N4O6·H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 12.616(6) Å, b = 12.355(6) Å, c = 9.442(5) Å, and β = 99.5(1)°. The structure was solved by the symbolic addition procedure for phase determination followed by the tangent formula method of phase refinement. This structure represents the first cyclic tetrapeptide in which all four peptide units have been found in the trans conformation; however, each peptide unit is significantly nonplanar with ω angles deviating by 14-24° from the ideal value of 180°. This molecule contains two intramolecular 3 → 1 hydrogen bonds and experimentally determined parameters for these seven-membered turns are presented.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 459-482 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The salivary gland of adult Calliphora erythrocephala is a tubular structure composed of secretory, reabsorptive, and duct regions. Development of these structures has been followed during the six days of larval and ten days of pupal growth. Two small groups of imaginal cells located at the junction between larval gland and duct give rise to the adult gland. These presumptive adult cells divide during all larval stages and appear to be functional components of the larval gland. Shortly after pupation, the larval gland breaks down and the imaginal cells proliferate rapidly, forming sequentially the duct, reabsorptive and secretory regions. Proliferating regions of the developing gland are frequently encrusted with haemocytes. As it elongates the gland establishes intimate contacts first with the basement membrane of the degenerating larval gland, later with an epithelial layer surrounding the main dorsal tracheal trunks, and then with the gut. Cell division continues until about five days after pupation, bu t the gland is unable to secrete fluid in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulation until two hours after the adult fly emerges. The Golgi complex appears to be involved in forming the highly folded membranes of the canaliculi in the secretory region.Presumptive adult salivary gland cells appear to increase in number logarithmically from the time of hatching of the larva until five days after pupation. This contrasts with the development of classical imaginal discs, in which cell division ceases prior to pupation.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2545-2562 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture behavior of a piperidine/bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (A) resin has been determined in bulk and as an adhesive using the linear elastic fracture methods developed by Mostovoy1. The effect of adding carboxy-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) elastomer to resin A was investigated. The opening-mode fracture energy () of resin A was 120 to 150 J/m2, and largely attributable to plastic deformation. Fractographic evidence was obtained for plastic flow at the crack tip during crack initiation. Propagation was unstable due to the rate dependence of the plasticity. There were no significant differences in the bulk and adhesive fracture behavior. Addition of 5-15% CTBN to resin A produced minute elastomer particles which increased to ∼4000J/m2 (at 15%). Further CTBN addition resulted in an elastomer-epoxy blend and a decrease in fracture energy. Fractography again indicated that crack initiation involved plastic deformation but that the elastomer had greatly increased the volume in which the deformation occurred. The adhesive fracture of the elastomer-epoxy was found to be strongly dependent on the crack-tip deformation zone size (ryc) in that was a maximum when bond thickness was equal to 2 ryc. At bond thicknesses less than 2 ryc, there was a restraint on the development of the plastic zone resulting in lower values.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 3175-3183 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The scope of graft reactions to produce starch-based latexes was extended by graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto gelatinized cationic starch possessing quaternary amine functionality and by graft terpolymerization of AN and t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (TBAEM) onto gelatinized starch by cerium (IV) initiation at 25°C. Grafting onto starches containing highly basic quaternary amines gave polyacrylonitrile [poly(AN)] grafts having about one fourth the number-average molecular weight (M̄n) (178,000-232,000) of those produced by grafting AN onto starches containing the less basic tertiary amine groups. Sonification at 20 KHz of graft polymerization reaction mixtures having up to 8% solids reduced viscosities from 400-3000 cP to 10-40 cP. Diameters of dried particles measured about 300-1500 Å. Shaker-type agitation during grafting onto starch having quaternary amine groups produced poly(AN) chains with lower M̄n values than those produced during blade stirrer-type agitation. M̄n values of grafted poly(AN) decreased with increasing reaction time, degree of substitution of amine in the starch, gelation time of cationic starch at 95°C, and cerium (IV) concentration. AN was copolymerized with TBAEM at molar ratios of 14-85:1 in grafting onto gelatinized starch to yield copolymer side-chain grafts analyzing 8-52:1 of polymerized AN to TBAEM moieties.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 3093-3106 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the kinetics, failure mechanism, and fracture surfaces of PMMA/methanol crazes has been made on notched circular bar specimens subjected to constant tensile loads. Failures were by void growth and coalescence inside the craze away from the notch tip and near to the specimen center. Two distinct features of void coalescence were observed; the first a cluster of very small voids (each of the order of 3.4 × 103 Å) and the second, separate larger voids which usually caused final failure.An analysis of craze growth, based on fracture mechanics concepts in conjunction with simple flow analysis, suggests that the growth is controlled mainly by the ability of the environment to flow through the voided structure of the craze. Good agreement has been obtained between predicted behavior and experimental data.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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