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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (27)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (27)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959  (27)
  • 1957  (27)
Collection
Publisher
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (27)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Institute of Physics
Years
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959  (27)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The capacity of cells containing solutions of 5% cellulose acetate in dioxane was measured from 50 cycles to as high as 5 megacycles by a bridge method. A dispersion region was found between zero and approximately 40 kc. The frequency where the dielectric dispersion was 0.50 was taken as the critical frequency which was found to be related to the viscosity determined degree of polymerization. An empirical correlation enabled the calculation of degrees of polymerization from dielectric dispersion which could be readily duplicated and which agreed reasonably well with those found by the viscosity method. It is suggested that this procedure may develop into a very convenient and rapid method for molecular weights pending the accumulation of further experimental evidence.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two viscometric methods have been developed for detecting the “critical concentration” (the concentration at which individual polymer molecules interfere with each other) of a dilute solution of a high polymer, B. In the first of these, the intrinsic viscosity, [η], of another polymer, A, is measured in a series of mixed solvents, each consisting of a solution of Polymer B in the solvent S, and each differing from the others only in the concentration of B (CB). For a number of polymer-polymer-solvent systems, data are presented which show that [η] is essentially independent of CB, except over a small range where its value changes fairly abruptly. This change marks the critical concentration. The second method is much faster but probably less reliable than the first. Nevertheless, the two gave values in good agreement. A method of calculating the critical concentration, based on the Flory-Fox theory of intrinsic viscosity, is described. Critical concentrations calculated for the several systems investigated agreed well with those obtained experimentally. The critical concentration was shown to be inversely proportional to the intrinsic viscosity of the Polymer B in experiments in which [η]B was varied by changing the molecular weight of the polymer and by changing the solvent. The effects observed are explained as resulting from interactions of the two polymer species in the solutions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 8 (1957), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 24 (1957), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Methods of synthesizing linear polyesters from fluorine-containing diols have been investigated. The most suitable method consists of reacting the fluorine-containing diols with dicarboxylic acid chlorides. Number-average molecular weights in excess of 15,000 have been obtained. The polymers are rubberlike gums or waxy solids, depending on the reactants used. Increasing amounts of fluorine, contained either in a pendent group or on the backbone chain of the polymers, decreases their solubilities in common solvents, and raises their brittle temperatures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene and d-limonene have been converted to dimercaptans by the addition of thiolacetic acid and subsequent hydrolysis. These dimercaptans have been added to the original nonconjugated diolefins to give low melting highly viscous polymers. In the case of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene two monoaddition products of thiolacetic acid have been isolated and characterized. The ratio of the two products indicates two parts of adduct to the cyclohexene double bond to three parts of adduct to the vinyl group double bond are produced in the addition reaction.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 22 (1957), S. 59-80 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: With the purpose of investigating and, if possible, of estimating the influence of the crystallinity on the fractionation, four high pressure polyethylenes of different average degree of polymerisation have been fractionated following three different methods.One of these methods (C), the fractionation by precipitation with polyethylene glycols, occurring with the partition of the polymer between two liquid not miscible phases, has shown an overhelming superiority.The other methods, resulting from an equilibrium between a sol-phase and a partially crystalline gel-phase, show a very different and, likely, false picture, of the molecular weight distribution. Further, it may be observed that: 1the separation of the fractions is as much more imperfect, as much higher is their intrinsic viscosity;2in our experimental conditions, no further fractionation is practically possible when the unfractionated part of the polymer has an intrinsic viscosity surpassing a given limit.The distribution functions which have been obtained through the most effective method C show that;3the high pressure polyethylene has a very high polydispersity, which is increasing with the average degree of polymerization;4the distribution curves thus obtained appear to be in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of long “high molecular weight distribution tails”.
    Notes: In der Absicht, die vermutliche Wirkung der Kristallinität auf den Mechanismus der Fraktionierung zu untersuchen und sie auch möglichst auszuwerten, sind vier Hochdruckpolyäthylene verschiedener mittlerer Polymerisationsgrade nach drei Methoden fraktioniert worden.Eine dieser Methoden (C), die fraktionierte Fällung mit Polyoxyäthylenglykolen, die durch Verteilung des Polymeren zwischen zwei flüssigen, nicht mischbaren Phasen entsteht, zeigte eine große Überlegenheit.Die anderen zwei Methoden, die aus einem Gleichgewicht zwischen einer Sol-Phase und einer teilweise kristallinen Gel-Phase entstehen, geben eine ganz verschiedene und wahrscheinlich falsche Vorstellung der Molekulargewichtsverteilung. Man kann weiter bemerken: 1die Trennung der Fraktionen ist um so unvollkommener, je höher ihre Viskositätszahl, also ihr Molekulargewicht ist,2es scheint unter unseren experimentellen Bedingungen eine weitere Trennung von Fraktionen nicht mehr möglich zu sein, wenn der noch unfraktionierte Teil des Polymeren, der die höheren Molekulargewichte enthält, eine gewisse Viskositätszahl überschreitet.Die mit der Methode C erhaltenen Verteilungsfunktionen haben weiter bewiesen:3das Hochdruckpolyäthylen hat eine sehr hohe Polymolekularität, die um so größer ist, je höher der mittlere Polymerisationsgrad ist,4die Verteilungskurven scheinen mit der Annahme langer “Schweifungen” auf dem Gebiete der höheren Molekulargewichte in Übereinstimmung zu stehen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 24 (1957), S. 159-171 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Viskosität von Lösungen verschiedener γ-Globuline wurde studiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß die reduzierte spezifische Viskosität eine lineare Funktion der Konzentration des Proteins darstellt. Die Neigung der Geraden ist schwach positiv (0.0015-0.017). Die extrapolierten Viskositätszahlen der nativen γ-Globuline variierten im Bereich zwischen 0.048-0.083 (Konzentration in g/100 ml, Ionenstärke 0.1, pH 5.8-7.7). Die Pseudoglobuline hatten allgemein die gleiche Viskosität wie die gesamte γ-Globulin-Fraktion. Die Viskositätsunterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Globulinproben sind teilweise durch Aggregierungseffekte bestimmt. Die Möglichkeit individueller Form und anderer Unterschiede wird nicht ausgeschlossen. Die Viskosität von denaturierten γ-Globulinen wurde studiert, und es wurde gefunden, daß die Denaturierung mit einer Viskositätserhöhung verbunden ist. Zeitliche Änderungen der Viskosität der alkalischen Lösungen der denaturierten Proteine wurden beschrieben.
    Notes: The viscosities of a number of γ-globulins from various sources were studied. It was found that the dependence of the reduced specific viscosity on concentration of the globulins is a linear function. The slopes of the regression lines were positive, and they varied in the range of 0.0015-0.017. The intrinsic viscosity values of the native γ-globulins varied in the range of 0.048-0.083 (at ionic strength 0.1 and PH 5,8-7,7). The viscosity of various γ-pseudoglobulin samples was found to be generally the same as the viscosity of the whole γ-globulin fraction. The results also showed that the viscosity differences between various preparations are due partially to artifact formation (aggregation) during isolation. The possibility of individual shape and other differences, however, is not excluded. The flow properties of the γ-globulins which were denatured by guanidine thiocyanate and by Aerosol OT also were studied.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 199-210 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In order to determine the practical range of study of light scattered by particles in an orientation field, we have established equations relating the variation of scattered light to molecular parameters as a function of the orientation field. We give the first terms of the series expansion of these equations for any particle shape and any orientation field. Then we give the complete expression of the distribution function of light scattered in the case in which the field is electrical and the particles are chain molecules. The results of this theoretical analysis suggests a particularly simple experimental method which characterizes the rigidity of polymer molecules. After a brief description of our apparatus, we report, as an example, the experiments we have carried out with a sample of poly-DL-phenylalanine. In benzene solution, these molecules behave as flexible “random-flight” chains, and from the experimental results it is possible to calculate, among other physical data, the electrical moment of a chain element. From a practical point of view, the choice of an electrical orientation field limits the application to chain molecules which possess an electrical moment. This restriction would no longer hold if a hydrodynamic field were substituted for the electrical field.
    Notes: Dans le but de déterminer la portée pratique de l'étude de la lumière diffusée par des particules soumises à un champ d'orientation, nous avons établi les équations permettant de relier la variation de l'intensité diffusée aux caractéristiques moléculaires en fonction du champ d'orientation. Nous donnons tout d'abord les premiers termes du développement en série de ces équations dans le cas où la forme des particules et la nature du champ d'orientation sont quelconques. Puis, nous donnons l'expression complète de la fonction de répartition de l'intensité lumineuse dans le cas où le champ d'orientation est un champ électrique et où les molécules sont assimilables à des pelotes de Gauss. Les résultats de cette analyse théorique suggèrent une méthode expérimentale simple qui permet de caractériser la rigidité des molécules. Après une brève description de l'appareillage utilisé, nous citons, comme exemple d'applications, les expériences faites sur un échantillon de poly-DL-phénylalanine. En solution dans le benzène ces molécules se comportent comme des chaǐnes de Gauss flexibles. A partir des résultats expérimentaux il est possible de calculer, entre autres grandeurs physiques, la valeur du moment électrique porté par ses chaǐnons. Du point de vue pratique, le choix d'un champ électrique limite les applications aux molécules en chaǐnes porteuses d'un moment électrique. Cette restriction tomberait si l'on remplaçait le champ électrique par un champ hydrodynamique.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The vaper pressure of ethyl acetate-natural rubber mixtures has been studied at 25 and 50°C. over the whole range of miscibility. Current statistical theories of polymer solutions fail to account quantitatively for the observed entropy of mixing; the discrepancy is attributed to the occurrence in this system of non-random mixing.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 26 (1957), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple, continuously recording instrument capable of measuring retardations down to the order of 10-8 cm. is described. The instrument is based on photoelectric measurement of the intensity of light transmitted by two crossed rotating Polaroids when an oriented film of high polymer exhibiting optical anisotropy is placed between them. This intensity is related to the birefringences of the sample for light vibrating in three mutually perpendicular directions. These three birefringences can be used to specify physical properties and have been used to study the effect of sorption, desorption, annealing, and stretching processes on molecular configuration. Some examples of such applications are discussed.
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