ALBERT

Notes: SUMMARY. Ochromonas malhamensis (Pringsheim strain) can be grown above 35.5°C.; below 35°, the previous chemically defined medium supports dense growth. The B12 and thiamine requirements rise steeply with temperature, and growth promotion by folic acid emerges; folic acid spares the enhanced B12 requirement. B12 is spared also, perhaps wholly bypassed, by purines + pyrimidines + amino acids (below 35°, exogenous purines, pyrimidines, and folic acid have little effect). Requirements also emerge for glycine (spared by serine), valine and isoleucine (their ratio is critical; leucine and threonine assist in maintaining a good balance), and, at very slightly higher temperatures, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cystine, and lysine. Requirements for Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn appear to rise steeply with temperature; metal toxicities have to be circumvented carefully. The proportion of histidine + arginine to carbohydrate has to be increased, and a Krebs-cycle component such as succinic acid becomes stimulatory. At 36.3–36.7°, a further supplement of crude natural materials such as an autoclaved suspension of Ochromonas cells is needed. Relevance of these findings to fever stress in vertebrates, general mitochondrial function, and repair of radiation damage, is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Heme, intrinsically required by Trypanosomatidae, is unstable, especially in conventional alkaline (pH 7.2–8.0) media. Low solubility of heme in a pH 6.5 basal medium (developed to assay biopterin with Crithidia fasciculata) posed a problem: in media acidified during growth because of glycolysis, heme precipitated, perhaps contributed to acid-limited growth and interfered with densitometric estimation of growth. The remedy was to: replace glucose with less rapidly metabolized mannitol; distribute media in thin layers to promote oxidation of acetate, fumarate, and malate (presumably leaving an alkaline residue); and buffer heavily with histidine + Good zwitterionic buffers, and superimpcse physiological buffering by arginine + asparagine whose catabolism appeared to yield an excess of NH+4 over acid. Thereupon, Fe and Cu deficiencies sharply limited growth in the medium whose main chelators were: (a) 2,3–dihydroxybenzoic + 5-sulfosalicylic acids (which preferentially bind transitional elements at their higher valences; (b) malic and gluconic acids; and (c) histidine. With unconventionally heightened concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Mo (the latter serving as Cu buffer as well as nutrient per se), the hemin concentration could be lowered, widening the margin of safety for heme solubility. Growth then reached 1.4 × 108 cell/ml. This medium may serve to screen for ligands promoting uptake or release of Fe and Cu. The increased growth is a step towards improving the assay medium for biopterin and practical use of Crithidia to assay several B vitamins and essential amino acids for metazoa.

Notes: SUMMARY. Haemoproteus columbae of English wood pigeons (Columba palumbus palumbus L.) was found to undergo sporogony in Ornithomyia avicularia. It is suggested that this insect is a vector of H. columbae, in spite of the failure of six attempts to transmit the haemosporidian to uninfected domestic pigeons (C. livia var. domestica) by the bite, or injection, of infected O. avicularia.

Notes: The influence of defoliation on the root, stubble and herbage weights of perennial ryegrass during establishment was studied on spaced plants in the greenhouse and field.In the greenhouse trial the rate of root elongation was reduced by a single defoliation. In both the field and greenhouse, cutting reduced the number of roots and tillers per plant but increased the number of roots per tiller. A few weeks after defoliating plants in the field there was a lower root weight on the cut plants than on the uncut. Eventually the influence of a single cut disappeared, but if the cutting was in the laie summer or autumn the plants commenced the winter with a smaller amount of root and stubble, and this appeared to have a deleterious effect on the earliest spring growth.Herbage growth in March and April was positively correlated with both root and stubble weights in the previous November.As the number of cuts during the establishment period (March-November) was increased from 0–4 the root and stubble weight per plant progressively decreased.The root and stubble weights decreased during the winter.

Notes: The effects of cutting on the root, stubble and herbage growth of perennial ryegrass during establishment was studied under sward conditions.Although a few weeks after a cutting treatment there was a smaller root weight on the cut than on the uncut swards, this difference eventually disappeared.By the autumn the frequently cut swards had considerably more plants and tillers per unit area than the uncut plots. As a result of these changes in plant density the root weight per unit area of the sward was not decreased by increasing the cutting frequency during establishment. However, the root weight per plant (and per tiller) was decreased by increases in the cutting frequency.The root and stubble weights increased during the spring, summer and early autumn of the first year and decreased during the winter. In the second season the root weight increased to a maximum in December whilst the stubble weight rose during the spring and summer and decreased after September.Although the percentage of total soluble carbohydrate was consistently higher in the stubble than the roots or herbage the quantity was similar in both roots and stubble, and in these organs the major soluble carbohydrate was fructosan.During the winter both the percentage and the total quantify of soluble carbohydrate in the stubble and roots decreased considerably.Herbage growth in February and March was not correlated with the root weight per unit area in the previous autumn but was positively correlated with the root weight per plant. The highest herbage yield in the early spring came from plots which were leniently treated in the previous autumn: these plots had a low plant and tiller density but the root weight per plant or per tiller was relatively high.In April the rate of herbage growth tended to be positively correlated with the sward density. In May and June the highest herbage yields came from the open swards. It was suggested that during this latter period moisture, and/or nitrogen, may have been the limiting factor, so that the open sward benefited from less interplant competition.

Notes: Abstract: A model that incorportaes performace data about data about several wastewater management systems is discussed. From these data the excepted behavior of an individual wastewater system or group of systems can be product of the performace probabilities of its individual components. The modeel can be used on a regional scale facilitating land use planning by allowing accurate estimates of performance for a prospective wastewater management system. At this scale it can allow the impact evaluation of new wastewater technology on land use in a region.

Notes: Various methods of root sampling are reviewed and discussed in relation to the type of information required. The root sampling techniques at the Grassland Research Institute are described and examples of sampling errors are given. Details of a root washing machine are given.

Notes: Light-trap catches of five tortricid species were recorded at orchard sites in Kent over an 11-year period. The dates on which moths of Hedya nubiferana (Haw.), Cydia pomonella (L.) and Archips podana (Scop.) were caught in light traps were strongly correlated with accumulated temperatures in day-degrees above a base of 8°C. The correlation was less good for catches of Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiff.) and it was slightly better for those of Cydia pomonella above 10°C than above 8°C. The data were insufficient to calculate temperature sums for catches of Adoxophyes orana (Fisch. v. Rösl.). Moth catches of all five species showed differences between years in the timing of first and second generations. The dates of first catches are compared with dates estimated from the following temperature sums: for H. nubiferana 226 day-degrees above 8°C, for C. pomonella 268 day-degrees above 8°C and 149 day-degrees above 10°C, for Archips podana 326 day-degrees above 8°C and for P. heparana 386 day-degrees above 8°C. In the 11-year period, estimated dates of first catch were within ± 5 days of first actual catch of moths in light traps in nine years for C. pomonella, eight years for H. nubiferana and A. podana, but only five years for P. heparana.

Notes: Several degradation products of the iriazine herbicides atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isapropylainino-1,3,5-triazine], cyprazine [2-chloro-4-cyclopropylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine] and cyanazine [2-chloro-4-(l-cyanomethylethyl-amimo)-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine] were monitored over a 3-year period in soil Trom fields under maiTC production. The soils were predominately loamy sands and sandy clay loams. HydroKy-triazines were determined semi-quanlilatively m the soil samples by gaschromalography, after methylation. Their levels ranged Trom 0.05 to 0.5 ppm. The hydroxy-triazines were the predominant triazine residues in the field during ihe spring and autumn, N-de-ethylated atrazine [2-chloro-4-amino-6-iso-propylamino-1,3,5-triazine] persisted at relatively high levels (0.015–0.02 ppm) 12 months after the application of atrazine. Greater proportions of N-de-ethylated atrazine and cyanazine II [2-chloro-4-(1-carbamoyl-1-methyleihylamino)-6-ethyl-amino-s-iriazine] than of atrazine or cyanazine were found to move through the soil profile into subsurface drainage water (1.2–1.6 m depth). Abbau und Transport von drei Triazin-Herbiziden und einiger ihrer Abbauproduk te im Boden unter Feldhedingungen Boden von Maisfeldern wurde über eine Periode von drei Jahren auf Abbauprodukte folgender Triazin-Herbizide unter-suchi: Atrazin [2-Chlor-4-äthylamino-6-isopropylatnino-1,3,5-triazin], Cyprazin [2-Chlor-4-cyclopropylamino-6-isopropyla-mino-1,3,5-(triazin) und Cyanazin [2-Chlor-4-(1-cyanoinethy-läthylamino)-6-äthylamino-1,3,5-triazin], Bei den Böden han-delie es sich hauptsächlich um lehmige Sande und sandig-tonige Lehme Hydroxy-Triazine wurden in den Bodenproben gas-chromatogruphish nach Methylierung. semi-quantitativ be-stimmt. Ihre Konzeniration im Boden betrug zwischen 0.05 und 0.5 ppm. Die Hydroxy-Triazine waren im Frähjahr und Herbst die vorherrschenden Rücksiände, N-desäthylieries Airazin [2-Chlor-4-amino-6-isopropyIamino-1,1,5-triazin] war zwölf Monate nach der Atrazin-Applikation mit relative hohen Kon-zenirationen(0.015–0.02 ppm) vorhanden. Von N-desäthylier-tem Airazin und Cyanazin II [2-Chlor-4-(1 carbamoyl-1–methy-läthylamino)-6-äthylamino-s-triazin] wurden grössere Anteile im Boden in das unterirdische Drainagewasser transportiert (1.2–1.6 m Tiefe) als es für Atrazin oder Cyanazin der Fs Swiir Disparition et migration dans le sol, au champ, de trois triazines herhicides et de plusieurs de leurs produits de dégradalion. Plusieurs produits de dégradation des triazines herbicides suivantes: atrazine (2-chloro-4-éthylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) cyprazine (2chloro-4-cyclopropylamino-6-isopropylamino-l,3,5-triazine) et cyanazine (2-chloro-4 (l-cyanométhyléthylamino)-6-éthylamino-l,3,5-triazine) ont été contrölés dans le sol. pendant une période de trois années, dans des champs de maïs en production, Les sols étaient pour la plupart sablo-limoneux et limono-argilo-sableux, Les hydroxy-triazines ont été déterminées semi-quantalivcmeni dans les échantillons de sols, par chroma tographie gazeuse aprés méthy lation, Leursconcen [rations s'étendaienlde0.05à 0.5ppm, Les hydroxy-triazines ont été les résidus les plus imporiants dans le champ au printemps et à I'aulomne, L'alrazine N-dé-éthylée [2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-l.3.5-triazine] a persistéà des concentralions rclativemeni élevées (0.015 à 0.02 ppm) douzemois aprés l'application de l'atrazine, Il a été conslaté que des proportions d'atrazine N-dé-éthylée et de cyanazine II [2-ehloro-4(l-carbamoyl-1-méthyléthylamino)-6-éthylamino-1,3,5-triazine] plus importantes que celles de l'atrazine ou de la cyanazine, migraient à travers le profil du sol. dans la subsurface de drainage dc l'eau (1,2 à 1.6 m de profondeur).