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  • Articles  (58)
  • Chemistry  (58)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • Diphosphonates
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  • United States
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1955-1959  (58)
  • 1955  (58)
  • Physics  (58)
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  • Articles  (58)
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  • Chemistry  (58)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
  • Cartilage
  • Diphosphonates
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959  (58)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precision viscometry of polymer solutions (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 16 (1955), S. 417-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The article describes a method for measuring times of efflux in a capillary viscometer with an accuracy of 0.003 sec. A film is taken of the moving meniscus together with a synchronous clock. The temperature of the thermostat bath is controlled to within 0.001°C. by means of a Wheatstone bridge which contains temperature dependent resistances. Experimental results obtained with a polystyrene sample in toluene show no systematic deviation from linearity in the ηsp/c vs. c curve between 2 × 10-3 and 3 × 10-5 g./ml. The same curve for a sample of polymethacrylate in water shows a sharp maximum at about 10-4 g./ml.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120168228
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Branching in polybutadieneThe work discussed herein was performed as part of the research project sponsored by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Office of Synthetic Rubber, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 335-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for a polybutadiene prepared at 50°C. and one prepared at 5°C. Original fractions were at least twice refractionated from very dilute solutions in an attempt to obtain fairly sharp distributions. Fox-Flory K constants are observed to decrease with increasing molecular weight in each case, and the intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight plots show a curvature. This is interpreted to be a result of branching. A method of plotting the data is proposed which simultaneously yields the K for unbranched material and an estimate of the degree of branching. It is estimated that, in polybutadiene prepared at 50°C., one out of 6500 monomer units is involved in a branch, and that in 5°C. polybutadiene, one out of 10,000.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120158002
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroperoxides in oxidized polythene (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 592-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120158026
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A molecular weight-intrinsic viscosity study of several diene polymersThis work was performed as part of the research project sponsored by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Office of Synthetic Rubber, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight study has been made of several polybutadienes and synthetic polyisoprenes. The Fox-Flory treatment of such data was applied in each case. This serves for the determination of a constant characteristic only of the polymer and related to the unperturbed end-to-end distance of the polymer chain. A comparison of the dependence of this constant on polymer structure with that predicted theoretically shows good agreement. A further comparison of the values of this constant for the synthetics with those for natural polyisoprenes leads to the conclusion that the diene polymers, natural and synthetic, do not differ markedly in hindrances to free rotation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120157907
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsifier-free polymerization in aqueous media (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 16 (1955), S. 549-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization in solution of a variety of water-soluble monomers with a variety of water-soluble redox initiators is described and a detailed study is reported on the polymerization, in aqueous solution, of methyl vinyl ketone and of methyl methacrylate under the influence of potassium sulfate-silver nitrate. Keeping the persulfate concentration constant and varying the silver nitrate or, conversely, keeping the silver nitrate constant and varying the persulfate, it is found that, except at very high concentration of catalyst, both the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight of the polymer bear a linear relation to the square root of the catalyst concentration, in harmony with the general theory of catalyzed bulk and emulsion polymerization. The molecular weight of the polymer formed diminishes with increase in the temperature of polymerization. The study of redox polymerization in water, without emulsifier, has been extended to the case of a mixture of a water-soluble and a water-insoluble monomer, and it has been found that copolymerization proceeds at a reasonable rate and frequently forms a stable latex. The copolymerization of styrene and 5 or 10 per cent of its weight of methacrylonitrile in water under the influence of a water-soluble persulfate-bisulfite redox pair has been examined with some closeness. Polymerization is apparently initiated in the aqueous solution, since, contrary to the state of affairs in emulsion polymerization, water-soluble retarders are more effective than oil-soluble ones, when the retarder is added at the outset. If the retarder is added at a later stage of polymerization, oil-soluble reagents are more effective than water-soluble ones. The water-soluble monomer enters into the polymer at a greater rate than the water-insoluble one, but it appears that, even at the earliest stage at which it is practicable to take samples co-polymerization occurs. The influence of catalyst concentration on the rate of polymerization, the molecular weight of the polymer, and the latex particle size was examined.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120168239
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation in solutions of vinyl polymers (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When polymers of two different chemical species are dissolved in a common solvent the resulting solution usually separates into two phases. No obvious relation between phase separation and chemical nature of the monomeric units was observed. Solute molecular weight, temperature, and nature of the solvent were shown to be factors in determining the course of phase separation. A concept of phase separation is suggested which involves low entropy of mixing, greater attraction between like than unlike species of solute, and density differences between solvated polymer molecules.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120157915
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorine-containing polymers. VII. 1,1-dihydroperfluoroalkyl acrylates: Compounding and properties of vulcanizatesContribution No. 93 from the Central Research Department, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. Presented in part before the Division of Polymer Chemistry at the 122nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1952. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 558-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The homopolymer and butadiene copolymers of 1,1-dihydroperfluorobutyl acrylate form a new class of vulcanizable elastomers with interesting and useful properties, of which solvent resistance is the most outstanding. The homopolymer (poly-FBA), vulcanized by means of a polyfunctional amine in the presence of a reinforcing pigment, appears most promising because it offers the following unusual combination of desirable properties: (1) resistance to hydrocarbon solvents; (2) resistance to a variety of lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and similar high boiling liquids at temperatures up to 400°F.; (3) resistance to oxidation by ozone and fuming nitric acid; (4) fair stability and physical properties in air at elevated temperatures. It was shown that many of these properties depend upon compounding recipes and that further improvements can be anticipated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120158023
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acrylonitrile polymerization in homogeneous solution (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 274-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous kinetic studies of acrylonitrile polymerization in bulk disclosed unexpected features that were associated with the heterogeneous nature of the system. In the present work, polymerization was carried out in homogeneous solution, principally in dimethyl formamide. Polymerization rate in dimethylformamide was dependent on the square root of the azo initiator concentration and approximately on the three-halves power of the monomer concentration. Over-all activation energy was 21 kcal./mole. Rates were slow in this solvent and molecular weights were low. Chain transfer activity of several liquids was estimated by substituting them for part of the dimethylformamide. Contrast between results in the homogeneous and heterogeneous cases is explained as due to removal by solvent of any opportunity for radical burial or catalyst enrichment. Standard kinetic treatments do not explain quite adequately the details of rate and molecular weight dependence on monomer. It appears that sluggish radicals are formed by chain transfer to solvent. A kinetic scheme is proposed to account for these observations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178413
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bis-type modifiers in polymerization. II. Comparison of effectiveness of various compounds in emulsion butadiene and bulk styrene polymerizationsContribution Number 206 from the Research Laboratory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., jointly with the University of Illinois. Portions of the work of this paper were carried out on research sponsored by the Office of Synthetic Rubber, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and other portions on privately sponsored research of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 319-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present paper describes the preparation and evaluation of the effectiveness as modifiers of a number of compounds of bis-type structure - principally aryl disulfides - in bulk styrene and emulsion butadiene polymerizations. This work endeavors to explore some of the objectives described in the first paper of this series, and deals primarily with attempts to gain quantitative information on the effect of the nature and location of substituting groups with respect to the dissociating bond. The compounds examined include both those containing reactive groups attached and those lacking such groups. A number of the preparations are now compounds. Evaluations in 50°C. bulk styrene were carried out with the objective of eliminating the complications of the diffusion factor always present in emulsion systems. Generally speaking, the correlation between effectiveness in bulk styrene and 50°C. emulsion butadiene was quite good, though there were exceptions. It was found that the modifier activity of many compounds in emulsion butadiene could be enhanced by predispersing them in the aqueous phase - presumably a result of minimizing the importance of diffusion rate. Some of the modifiers were also tested in a low temperature butadiene emulsion system. Aryl disulfides continue to offer the most promise from the standpoint of combining the features of attaining high transfer constants and ease of incorporating desired reactive groups. Some compounds had adequate activity in emulsion butadiene polymerizations for use as practical modifiers. However, it has not yet been established that these compounds cleave to give one-half the molecule on each end of the butadiene polymer chain, as has been done for styrene polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178501
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymethyl methacrylate: Dilute solution properties by viscosity and light scattering (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 391-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A polymethyl methacrylate polymer, prepared by the emulsion technique, was fractionated three times to obtain essentially homogeneous fractions. The intrinsic viscosities and weight average molecular weights were determined in an ideal solvent at 23°C. and in nonideal solvents at 25°C. The constants K and a in the conventional modified equation [η] = KMa were determined. The intrinsic viscosity in an ideal solvent was found to fit closely over the molecular range studied with the relation [η]θ = KM1/2. Light scattering measurements giving root-mean-square distance between ends of a polymer chain were carried out. It was shown that these results support both Kuhn's relation (r̄2)1/2 ≍ M0.50 and Flory's relation (r̄2)3/2 = M[η]/2.1 × 1021 in an ideal solvent. In a nonideal solvent only Flory's relation was found to be in agreement with the experimental results. The values of volume expansion factor α3 ratios A2Mw2/(r̄2)3/2 and A2Mw/[η] in a nonideal solvent and the value of the ratio [η]/M1/2 in an ideal solvent showed that the polymer molecules were expanded beyond their random flight dimensions in a nonideal solvent.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178507
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