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  • Engineering  (56)
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  • 1996  (137)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1996-10-25
    Description: The human genome is thought to harbor 50,000 to 100,000 genes, of which about half have been sampled to date in the form of expressed sequence tags. An international consortium was organized to develop and map gene-based sequence tagged site markers on a set of two radiation hybrid panels and a yeast artificial chromosome library. More than 16,000 human genes have been mapped relative to a framework map that contains about 1000 polymorphic genetic markers. The gene map unifies the existing genetic and physical maps with the nucleotide and protein sequence databases in a fashion that should speed the discovery of genes underlying inherited human disease. The integrated resource is available through a site on the World Wide Web at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schuler, G D -- Boguski, M S -- Stewart, E A -- Stein, L D -- Gyapay, G -- Rice, K -- White, R E -- Rodriguez-Tome, P -- Aggarwal, A -- Bajorek, E -- Bentolila, S -- Birren, B B -- Butler, A -- Castle, A B -- Chiannilkulchai, N -- Chu, A -- Clee, C -- Cowles, S -- Day, P J -- Dibling, T -- Drouot, N -- Dunham, I -- Duprat, S -- East, C -- Edwards, C -- Fan, J B -- Fang, N -- Fizames, C -- Garrett, C -- Green, L -- Hadley, D -- Harris, M -- Harrison, P -- Brady, S -- Hicks, A -- Holloway, E -- Hui, L -- Hussain, S -- Louis-Dit-Sully, C -- Ma, J -- MacGilvery, A -- Mader, C -- Maratukulam, A -- Matise, T C -- McKusick, K B -- Morissette, J -- Mungall, A -- Muselet, D -- Nusbaum, H C -- Page, D C -- Peck, A -- Perkins, S -- Piercy, M -- Qin, F -- Quackenbush, J -- Ranby, S -- Reif, T -- Rozen, S -- Sanders, C -- She, X -- Silva, J -- Slonim, D K -- Soderlund, C -- Sun, W L -- Tabar, P -- Thangarajah, T -- Vega-Czarny, N -- Vollrath, D -- Voyticky, S -- Wilmer, T -- Wu, X -- Adams, M D -- Auffray, C -- Walter, N A -- Brandon, R -- Dehejia, A -- Goodfellow, P N -- Houlgatte, R -- Hudson, J R Jr -- Ide, S E -- Iorio, K R -- Lee, W Y -- Seki, N -- Nagase, T -- Ishikawa, K -- Nomura, N -- Phillips, C -- Polymeropoulos, M H -- Sandusky, M -- Schmitt, K -- Berry, R -- Swanson, K -- Torres, R -- Venter, J C -- Sikela, J M -- Beckmann, J S -- Weissenbach, J -- Myers, R M -- Cox, D R -- James, M R -- Bentley, D -- Deloukas, P -- Lander, E S -- Hudson, T J -- HG00098/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG00206/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG00835/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):540-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8849440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; Computer Communication Networks ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Databases, Factual ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Multigene Family ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Tagged Sites
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1996-08-16
    Description: Small synthetic molecules termed growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) act on the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus to stimulate and amplify pulsatile growth hormone (GH) release. A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPC-R) of the pituitary and arcuate ventro-medial and infundibular hypothalamus of swine and humans was cloned and was shown to be the target of the GHSs. On the basis of its pharmacological and molecular characterization, this GPC-R defines a neuroendocrine pathway for the control of pulsatile GH release and supports the notion that the GHSs mimic an undiscovered hormone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Howard, A D -- Feighner, S D -- Cully, D F -- Arena, J P -- Liberator, P A -- Rosenblum, C I -- Hamelin, M -- Hreniuk, D L -- Palyha, O C -- Anderson, J -- Paress, P S -- Diaz, C -- Chou, M -- Liu, K K -- McKee, K K -- Pong, S S -- Chaung, L Y -- Elbrecht, A -- Dashkevicz, M -- Heavens, R -- Rigby, M -- Sirinathsinghji, D J -- Dean, D C -- Melillo, D G -- Patchett, A A -- Nargund, R -- Griffin, P R -- DeMartino, J A -- Gupta, S K -- Schaeffer, J M -- Smith, R G -- Van der Ploeg, L H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Aug 16;273(5277):974-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8688086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Codon ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Growth Hormone/*secretion ; Hormones/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hypothalamus, Middle/chemistry ; Indoles/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligopeptides/*metabolism ; Pituitary Gland/chemistry ; RNA, Complementary/genetics ; Rats ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Ghrelin ; Spiro Compounds/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Swine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 845-852 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel orthoperiodate ; i.r., Raman spectra ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O  -  Crystal Structures and Vibrational SpectraThe crystal structure of NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O has been determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction (Pc, Z = 2, a = 516.74(9), b = 981.5(2), c = 1052.5(2) pm, β = 116.496(8)°) on the basis of 4169 unique reflections (R = 1.96%). The structure is built up of distorted Ni(H2O)62+ and H3IO62- octahedra linked by hydrogen bonding. IR and Raman spectra of both the title compound and isostructural MgH3IO6 · 6 H2O as well as of deuterated specimens are given. There are up to 14 different OH(OD) modes in the spectra of isotopically dilute samples due to the 15 different hydrogen positions of the structure. The internal modes of the meridional H3IO62- ions (pseudo C2v symmetry) are discussed with respect to that double T-shaped entity, which gives rise to only two instead of 3I—O, I—O(H), and OH stretches in the IR and Raman spectra, i.e. the same as for facial (C3v) structured ions.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur (Pc, Z = 2) von NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O wurde mittels Röntgen-Einkristallmessungen auf der Basis von 4169 symmetrieunabhängigen Reflexen bestimmt (R = 1,96%). IR- und Raman-Spektren von NiH3IO6 · 6 H2O und der isotypen Verbindung MgH3IO6 · 6 H2O sowie von deuterierten Präparaten werden mitgeteilt. Die Spektren isotypenverdünnter Proben zeigen bis zu 14 OH(OD)-Streckschwingungen entsprechend den 15 verschiedenen Wasserstoff-Positionen der Struktur. Die meridionalen H3IO62--Ionen (Pseudosymmetrie C2v) besitzen wegen der T-förmigen Anordnung der je 3 IO-und IOH-Gruppen nur je 2 IO-, IO(H)- und OH-Streckschwingungen in den IR- und Raman-Spektren und können daher schwingungsspektroskopisch nicht von H3IO62--Ionen mit facialer Struktur (C3v) unterschieden werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1996-07-19
    Description: Vaccination with naked DNA elicits cellular and humoral immune responses that have a T helper cell type 1 bias. However, plasmid vectors expressing large amounts of gene product do not necessarily induce immune responses to the encoded antigens. Instead, the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA (pDNA) requires short immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) that contain a CpG dinucleotide in a particular base context. Human monocytes transfected with pDNA or double-stranded oligonucleotides containing the ISS, but not those transfected with ISS-deficient pDNA or oligonucleotides, transcribed large amounts of interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interleukin-12. Although ISS are necessary for gene vaccination, they down-regulate gene expression and thus may interfere with gene replacement therapy by inducing proinflammatory cytokines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sato, Y -- Roman, M -- Tighe, H -- Lee, D -- Corr, M -- Nguyen, M D -- Silverman, G J -- Lotz, M -- Carson, D A -- Raz, E -- AI36214/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI37305/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR41897/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Jul 19;273(5273):352-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8662521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Ampicillin Resistance/*genetics ; Animals ; *Antibody Formation ; Base Sequence ; CpG Islands ; Cytokines/*biosynthesis ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Injections, Intradermal ; Interferons/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-12/biosynthesis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/immunology ; Plasmids/genetics/*immunology ; Th1 Cells/immunology ; Transfection ; *Vaccination ; beta-Galactosidase/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1996-08-23
    Description: The complete 1.66-megabase pair genome sequence of an autotrophic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, and its 58- and 16-kilobase pair extrachromosomal elements have been determined by whole-genome random sequencing. A total of 1738 predicted protein-coding genes were identified; however, only a minority of these (38 percent) could be assigned a putative cellular role with high confidence. Although the majority of genes related to energy production, cell division, and metabolism in M. jannaschii are most similar to those found in Bacteria, most of the genes involved in transcription, translation, and replication in M. jannaschii are more similar to those found in Eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bult, C J -- White, O -- Olsen, G J -- Zhou, L -- Fleischmann, R D -- Sutton, G G -- Blake, J A -- FitzGerald, L M -- Clayton, R A -- Gocayne, J D -- Kerlavage, A R -- Dougherty, B A -- Tomb, J F -- Adams, M D -- Reich, C I -- Overbeek, R -- Kirkness, E F -- Weinstock, K G -- Merrick, J M -- Glodek, A -- Scott, J L -- Geoghagen, N S -- Venter, J C -- GM00783/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Aug 23;273(5278):1058-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Microbiology Department, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8688087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport/genetics ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; Databases, Factual ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Methane/metabolism ; Methanococcus/*genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1219-1235 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: plasticity ; numerical integration algorithms ; consistent linearization ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a consistent algorithm, which combines the advantages of the exact time integration of Prandtl-Reuss elastoplastic models and the quadratic asymptotic convergence of Newton-Raphson iteration strategies. The consistent modulus is evaluated by a full linearization of the exact stress update procedure. Numerical tests for a thin wall tube subjected to combined loads of tension and torsion are performed to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the consistently linearized exact stress update algorithm described in the paper. For comparison purpose numerical results of the radial return method are also given.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1761-1774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: optimization ; algorithms ; structural ; design ; comparative ; evaluation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Non-linear programming algorithms play an important role in structural design optimization. Fortunately, several algorithms with computer codes are available. At NASA Lewis Research Centre, a project was initiated to assess the performance of eight different optimizers through the development of a computer code CometBoards. This paper summarizes the conclusions of that research. CometBoards was employed to solve sets of small, medium and large structural problems, using the eight different optimizers on a Cray-YMP8E/8128 computer. The reliability and efficiency of the optimizers were determined from the performance of these problems. For small problems, the performance of most of the optimizers could be considered adequate. For large problems, however, three optimizers (two sequential quadratic programming routines, DNCONG of IMSL and SQP of IDESIGN, along with Sequential Unconstrained Minimizations Technique SUMT) outperformed others. At optimum, most optimizers captured an identical number of active displacement and frequency constraints but the number of active stress constraints differed among the optimizers. This discrepancy can be attributed to singularity conditions in the optimization and the alleviation of this discrepancy can improve the efficiency of optimizers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sn(P2)3Sn cage system ; NMR data, crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Structure of Hexa-t-butyl-1,4-dichloro-1,4-distanna-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexaphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane - a New Cage Compound with the Sn(P2)3Sn SkeletonThe reaction of the diphosphide K2[(tBuP)2] 1 with SnCl4 leads by a redox process mainly to (tBuP)3,4 and other sideproducts. However, at the same time a threefold [2 + 1]-cyclocondensation reaction takes place yielding the new cage compound hexa-t-butyl-1,4-dichloro-1,4-distanna-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexaphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, ClSn(tBuP—PtBu)3SnCl 2. 2 could be obtained in a pure form and characterized 31P and 119Sn NMR spectroscopically; 2 was also characterized by a single crystal structure analysis.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion zwischen dem Diphosphid K2[(tBuP)2] 1 und SnCl4 finden überwiegend Redoxreaktionen statt, die zu (tBuP)3,4 und weiteren Nebenprodukten führen. Gleichzeitig findet aber auch eine dreifache [2 + 1]-Cyclokondensation statt, bei der die neuartige Käfigverbindung Hexa-t-butyl-1,4-dichloro-1,4-distanna-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexaphospha-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan, ClSn(tBuP—PtBu)3SnCl 2 gebildet wird. 2 konnte in reiner Form isoliert und 31P- und 119Sn-NMR-spektroskopisch sowie durch eine Einkristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphorus tin heterocycles ; syntheses ; crystal structure ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of the Stannatetraphospholanes (tBuP)4SnR2 (R = tBu, nBu, C6H5) and (tBuP)4Sn(Cl)nBu Molecular and Crystal Structure of (tBuP)4Sn(tBu)2The reaction of the diphosphide K2[tBuP-(tBuP)2-PtBu] 4 with the halogenostannanes (tBu)2SnCl2, (nBu)2SnCl2, (C6H5)2SnCl2 or nBuSnCl3 in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 leads via a [4 + 1]-cyclocondensation reaction to the stannatetraphospholanes (tBuP)4SnR2 3 b-3 d and (tBuP)4Sn(Cl)nBu 3 e, respectively, with the binary 5-membered P4Sn ring system. 3 b was characterized by a single crystal structure analysis; the 5-membered ring exists in a planar conformation. The compounds 3 b-3 e were identified by NMR and also by mass spectroscopy; the 31P{1H}-NMR spectra of 3 b-3 d showed an AA′MM′ (AA′MM′X), 3 e on the other hand an ABCD (ABCDX) spin system.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion zwischen dem Diphosphid K2[tBuP-(tBuP)2-PtBu] 4 und den Halogenstannanen (tBu)2SnCl2, (nBu)2SnCl2, (C6H5)2SnCl2 bzw. nBuSnCl3 im Molverhältnis 1 : 1 findet eine [4 + 1]-Cyclokondensationsreaktion statt, bei der die Stannatetraphospholane (tBuP)4SnR2 3b-3d bzw. (tBuP)4Sn(Cl)nBu 3 e mit dem binären Fünfringgerüst P4Sn gebildet werden. Von 3 b wurde eine Einkristallstrukturanalyse durchgeführt; das Fünfringgerüst zeigt eine planare Konformation. Die Verbindungen 3 b-3 e wurden Massen- und NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert; 3 b-3 d liefern im 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektrum ein AA′MM′-(AA′MM′X)-, 3 e dagegen ein ABCD- (ABCDX)-Spinsystem.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Trifluoromethyl tellurium compounds ; crystal structure ; NMR spectra ; metathesis reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure of CF3TeTeCF3. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of CF3TeITe2(CF3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a with four formular units in the unit cell. The lattice constants are a = 10.13(1) Å, b = 11.489(7) Å, c = 6.822(8) Å and β = 101.20(8)°. CF3TeI is prepared by a quantitative reaction of Te2(CF3)2 with equimolar amounts of iodine. This compound is very instable, no isolation is possible. NMR spectra have been registrated. From metathesis reactions CF3TeX (X = C≡CC6H5, t-C4H9, SCN, SC6F5) are prepared.
    Notes: Te2(CF3)2 kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/a mit vier Formeleinheiten in der Elementarzelle. Die Gitterkonstanten betragen a = 10,13(1) Å, b = 11,489(7) Å, c = 6,822(8) Å und β = 101,20(8)°. Bei der Umsetzung von Te2(CF3)2 mit der äquimolaren Menge Iod entsteht CF3TeI in quantitativer Ausbeute, eine Isolierung gelingt nicht. Die NMR-Spektren zeigen eine starke Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit. Durch Metathesereaktionen werden die Verbindungen CF3TeX (X = C≡CC6H5, t-C4H9, SCN, SC6F5) synthetisiert.
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