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  • Cambridge University Press  (338)
  • 1980-1984  (330)
  • 1940-1944  (8)
  • 1984  (164)
  • 1980  (166)
  • 1942  (8)
  • 11
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    The Last Interglacial Ocean (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-02-01
    Description: The final effort of the CLIMAP project was a study of the last interglaciation, a time of minimum ice volume some 122,000 yr ago coincident with the Substage 5e oxygen isotopic minimum. Based on detailed oxygen isotope analyses and biotic census counts in 52 cores across the world ocean, last interglacial sea-surface temperatures (SST) were compared with those today. There are small SST departures in the mid-latitude North Atlantic (warmer) and the Gulf of Mexico (cooler). The eastern boundary currents of the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans are marked by large SST anomalies in individual cores, but their interpretations are precluded by no-analog problems and by discordancies among estimates from different biotic groups. In general, the last interglacial ocean was not significantly different from the modern ocean. The relative sequencing of ice decay versus oceanic warming on the Stage 6/5 oxygen isotopic transition and of ice growth versus oceanic cooling on the Stage 5e/5d transition was also studied. In most of the Southern Hemisphere, the oceanic response marked by the biotic census counts preceded (led) the global ice-volume response marked by the oxygen-isotope signal by several thousand years. The reverse pattern is evident in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, where the oceanic response lagged that of global ice volume by several thousand years. As a result, the very warm temperatures associated with the last interglaciation were regionally diachronous by several thousand years. These regional lead-lag relationships agree with those observed on other transitions and in long-term phase relationships; they cannot be explained simply as artifacts of bioturbational translations of the original signals.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 12
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    Towards a Quaternary Time Scale (1980)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1980-05-01
    Description: Nine first-appearance datums (FADs), twenty-three last-appearance datums (LADs), and three other micropaleontological datums are related to the magnetic-reversal, oxygen-isotope, and calcite-dissolution/coarse-fraction time scales to provide a preliminary basis for subdivision of the Quaternary in deep-sea sediments. The magnetic-reversal, oxygen-isotope, and calcite-dissolution/coarse-fraction scales have been correlated by determination on the same core materials, and absolute dates applied by 40K/40Ar or 14C dating of materials in known positions on one or another of these scales. FADS and LADs have been determined in cores for which either a magnetic-reversal, oxygen-isotope, or calcite-dissolution/coarse-fraction scale has also been available. Altogether 3 FADs and 5 LADs based on diatoms, 4 FADs and 5 LADs based on calcareous nannoplankton, 1 FAD and 8 LADs based on radiolarians, 1 FAD and 5 LADs based on planktonic foraminifers, 2 acme datums, and 1 ratio reversal datum have been determined, and absolute dates inferred by interpolation from known dates on the reference time scales. Some of the FADs and LADs apply or are synchronous only over limited areas of the oceans; others appear to be synchronous throughout the oceans. The base of the Quaternary is set at the top of the Olduvai event at 1.7 my. Four FADs, twelve LADs, two acme datums, and one ratio reversal datum occur above the base of the Quaternary at an average rate of about 1 per 100,000 yr. Five FADs and twelve LADs are recognized in the 0.8-my interval between the top of the Olduvai event and the Gauss/Matuyama Boundary at 2.5 my at an average incidence of about 1 per 50,000 yr.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 13
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    Streamline patterns and eddies in low-Reynolds-number flow (1980)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1980-01-29
    Description: The streamline patterns of some simple two-dimensional Stokes flows are studied and the results used both to understand and to predict the streamlines of flows in more complicated geometries, in particular the streamlines of flows that contain eddies or regions of closed streamlines. Initially, streamline patterns are studied locally, either around some special point, such as a stagnation point or a point where a streamline meets a wall, or in a special region, such as a corner. The use of these local analyses is illustrated by finding the streamlines for shear flow around a rotating cylinder; the illustration also shows how fluid in Stokes flow can be turned back on itself (‘blocked’). The local analyses of flow in a corner are used to understand the eddy patterns that have been discovered in a variety of flows. The eddies occur in corner-like regions and in these regions the flow can be regarded as the superposition of two components. One component, the eddy flow, is the result of flow outside the corner stirring the fluid in the corner, while the other is the direct result of local conditions in the corner. The competition between these two components determines whether eddies actually appear in a given flow. Finally, the approach developed here is applied to a new flow situation, namely a shear flow which is bounded by a moving wall and which contains a stationary cylinder touching the wall. The streamlines deduced for different ratios of the shear strength to the wall velocity show both new eddy patterns and unexpected regions of blocked flow. © 1980, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 14
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    Air flow and dispersion in rough terrain: a report on Euromech 173 (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-05-01
    Description: Euromech Colloquium 173 was held at Delphi from 13–16 September 1983. Thirty-six participants from eleven countries were present. Papers were presented on: (1) various approaches to calculating and computing air flow in rough terrain in the presence of changes in surface roughness, elevation and temperatures, including methods for interpolating, subject to certain physical constraints, the wind field from measurements at various fixed stations; (2) measurement and satellite photography of air flow in rough terrain near isolated mountains, near coastlines, over mountains, and over mountains near coastlines; (3) the applications of these studies to air-pollution dispersion and the exploitation of wind energy in rough terrain. The discussions led to agreement about how best to use and relate the various techniques for calculating air flows, the role of new techniques in remote sensing for improving understanding of flow in rough terrain, the factors determining air-pollution concentration that need particular study, and the special kinds of information about turbulence needed for estimating wind energy in rough terrain. © 1984, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
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    Interfacial shapes between two superimposed rotating simple fluids (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-08-01
    Description: The interfacial shape of two immiscible simple fluids in a vertical cylinder which oscillates about its axis is investigated using the theory of domain perturbations. The perturbation stresses are expressed by integrals over the history of the deformation. At first order the azimuthal velocity field satisfies the requirements of continuity in velocity and shear stresses across the interface. At second order the solution consists of a mean part and a time periodic part varying at twice the frequency of the cylinder. The mean problem is inverted for the mean secondary flow, pressure and interfacial shape. Experimental data for two polymeric oils (TLA 227 and STP) show qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions for the mean interfacial shapes. © 1984, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 16
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    Non-uniqueness and stability of the configuration of flow of immiscible fluids with different viscosities (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-04-01
    Description: The arrangement of components in steady flow of immiscible liquids is typically non-unique. The problem of selection of arrangements is defined here and is studied by variational methods under the hypothesis that the realized arrangements are the ones that maximize the speed on exterior boundaries for prescribed boundary tractions, or the ones that minimize the tractions for prescribed speeds. The arrangements which minimize tractions also minimize the dissipation by putting low-viscosity liquid in regions of high shear. The variational problem is used as a guide to intuition in the design and interpretation of experiments when results of analysis of stability are unavailable. In fact we always observe some kind of shielding of high-viscosity liquid. This can occur by sheet coating in which low-viscosity liquid encapsulates high-viscosity liquid, or through the formation of rigidly rotating masses of high-viscosity liquid which we call rollers. In other cases we get emulsions of low-viscosity liquid in a high-viscosity foam. The emulsions arise from a fingering instability. The low-viscosity liquid fingers into the high-viscosity liquid and then low-viscosity bubbles are pinched off the fingers. The emulsions seem to have a very low effective viscosity and they shield the high-viscosity liquid from shearing. In the problem of Taylor instability with two fluids, low-viscosity Taylor cells are separated by stable high-viscosity rollers. © 1984, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 17
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    Variations in Motor Activity and in Food and Water Intake over 24 h Periods in Pigs (1980)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1980-10-01
    Description: SUMMARYGroups of weaner pigs, and single animals, were observed in a temperature-controlled room isolated from external noise and light for periods of up to 4 weeks. Continuous records were made of motor activity, food intake and water consumption.In the presence of a cycle of 12 h light and 12 h dark at 25 °C groups of pigs were most active in the light and took most of their food towards the end of the light period. Single pigs also tended to be more active in the light, but the rhythms were less marked, and one animal was most active during the dark period.In continuous light, rhythms of activity and ingestion tended to collapse after only a few days, particularly in pigs which were kept by themselves. When the ambient temperature was increased to 35 °C during 12 h light and decreased to 25 °C during 12 h dark, a group of pigs was most active in the dark.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
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    Soil factors affecting the yield of winter wheat: analysis of results from I.C.I. surveys 1979–80 (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-12-01
    Description: SummaryThe soils of fields where winter wheat yields were measured for the I.C.I. Ten Tonne Club Survey in 1979 and 1980 were identified according to the soil series recognized by the Soil Survey of England and Wales. The yield distributions were almost normal, with means 1·49 and 1·60 t/ha greater than the national average. Soil series accounted for 18–19% of the yield variance in both years, which was much more than any other single factor measured. If introduced in best order, soil series, crop variety, previous crop and sowing date accounted for 31% of the variance in both years. However, classes based on soil particle size and drainage, as derived from series identifications, accounted for very little of the variance. Only thick brickearth (loess) soils gave greater mean yields in both years than the overall means of all sites where series were identified. The same soil types provided 35% of the sites where 〉 10 t/ha was achieved in either year, though a wide range of soil types gave such large yields.Yields were greater in 1980 than in 1979 in almost all parts of the country. Although rainfall was only slightly less in the spring and early summer of 1980 than in the same period in 1979, many parts of the country suffered large potential soil moisture deficits in 1980, but these decreased yields slightly on a few series only. Factors other than rainfall used to calculate soil moisture deficits (radiation or wind) probably affected yields much more than rainfall itself.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 19
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    Resistance in marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) to different strains of cucumber mosaic virus (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-12-01
    Description: SummaryPlants of the Cucurbita pepo L. cultivars Cinderella, Cobham Bush Green and Gold-rush were inoculated with six strains of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) from different geographical areas and known to differ in pathogenicity and virulence. The cv. Cinderella showed high resistance to all strains, cv. Cobham Bush Green was moderately resistant and cv. Goldrush was highly susceptible particularly to the CMV–SEV strain which caused necrotic symptoms.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
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    Resistance in vegetable marrow and other Cucurbita spp. to two British strains of cucumber mosaic virus (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1984-02-01
    Description: SummaryMost commercial cultivars of Cucurbita pepo L. reacted by producing severe leaf symptoms when infected with either of two British strains of cucumber mosaic virus. Resistance was identified in some pumpkin-types of C. pepo, with the highest level in cv. Cinderella. Studies with selfed populations produced from selected resistant plants demonstrated that resistance in cv. Cinderella is heritable.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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