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  • Other Sources  (312)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (164)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (148)
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1980-1984  (312)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1920-1924
  • 1981  (312)
  • 1922
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  • 1980-1984  (312)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1920-1924
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  • 11
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    Comparative aspects of Venus and terrestrial meteorology (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The observations and measurements made by Pioneer Venus orbiters are presented in terms of comparison of Venus and terrestrial meteorology. Although the temperature-pressure profiles of the two planets differ at lower altitudes, the temperatures are similar over their common range of pressures except for a much cooler mesosphere on Venus. The additional similarities between the earth and Venus relate to the warm polar stratospheres and the zonally-averaged energy budgets of the two planets. A difference in the mean radiation budgets for Venus is the relative smallness of the upward and downward thermal flux components. It is noted that the observed similarities reflect common mechanisms despite the difference in the dynamical regimes of the two planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Weather; 36; Feb. 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    Impulsive radio discharges near Saturn (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nonthermal radio emissions from the Saturn system were first detected by the Voyager planetary radio astronomy (PRA) experiment on board Voyager 1 in January 1980. Since then emission between 100 kHz and 1 MHz from the planet, termed Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), has been received almost continuously. A description is presented of eight characteristics which have been fairly well defined by the Voyager 1 encounter. These include a very flat broadband frequency spectrum, a period of approximately 10 h 10 min, a change in the envelope shape of episodes between pre and postencounter, an intensity population structure typical of plural populations, and an episodic structure of a width of approximately 180 deg. It was found that postencounter episodes continue for about three times as long as preencounter ones, and that postencounter bursts are left-circularly polarized at high frequencies. At least one episode shows the onset of high frequency events some time before that of lower frequency ones.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 292; Aug. 20
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Study of the ammonia ice cloud layer in the Equatorial Region of Jupiter from the infrared interferometric experiment on Voyager (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectra from the Voyager 1 infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) obtained near the time of closest approach to Jupiter were analyzed for the purpose of inferring ammonia cloud properties associated with the Equatorial Region. Comparisons of observed spectra with synthetic spectra computed from a radiative transfer formulation, that includes multiple scattering, yielded the following conclusions: (1) very few NH3 ice particles with radii less than 3 microns contribute to the cloud opacity; (2) the major source of cloud opacity arises from particles with radii in excess of 30 microns; (3) column particle densities are between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those derived from thermochemical considerations alone, implying the presence of important atmospheric motion; and (4) another cloud system is confirmed to exist deeper in the Jovian troposphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 46; May 1981
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    Saturn gravity results obtained from Pioneer 11 tracking data and earth-based Saturn satellite data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Improved gravity coefficients for Saturn, its satellites and rings are calculated on the basis of a combination of Pioneer 11 spacecraft Doppler tracking data and earth-based determinations of Saturn natural satellite apse and node rates. Solutions are first obtained separately from the coherent Doppler tracking data obtained for the interval from August 20 to September 4, surrounding the time of closest approach, with the effects of solar plasma on radio signal propagation taken into account, and from secular rates for Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Titan determined from astrometric data by Kozai (1957, 1976) and Garcia (1972). Combination of the data by the use of the Pioneer solution and corresponding unadjusted covariance matrix as a priori information for a secular rate analysis results in values for the total ring mass of essentially zero at a standard error level of 1.7 x 10 to the -6th Saturn masses, a ratio of solar mass to that of the Saturn system of 3498.09 + or - 0.22, masses of Rhea, Titan and Iapetus of 4.0 + or - 0.9, 238.8 + or - 3, and 3.4 + or - 1.3 x 10 to the -6th Saturn masses, respectively, and second and fourth zonal harmonics of 16,479 + or - 18 and -937 + or - 38, respectively. The harmonic coefficients are noted to be important as boundary conditions in the modeling of the Saturn interior.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Mar. 198
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  • 15
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    Fermi-Compton scattering due to magnetopause surface fluctuations in Jupiter's magnetospheric cavity (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of boundary surface fluctuations on a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation trapped in a high Q (quality) cavity are considered. Undulating walls introduce small frequency shifts at reflection to the radiation, and it is argued that the process is entirely analogous to both Fermi (particle) acceleration and inverse Compton scattering. A Fokker-Planck formalism is pursued; it yields a diffusion equation in frequency for which the Green's function and steady-state solutions are found. Applying this analysis to the Jovian continuum radiation discovered by Voyager spacecraft, it is suggested that characteristic diffusion times are greater than 1 year, and that in order to account for the steep frequency spectra observed, an unidentified loss mechanism must operate in the cavity with a decay time constant approximately equal to the characteristic diffusion time divided by 28. A radiator-reactor model of the cavity is investigated to provide an estimate for the intrinsic luminosity of the low frequency (approximately 100 Hz) continuum source whose power is approximately 7 x 10 to the 6th W.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 243
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  • 16
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    Cosmic-ray-produced Cl-36 and Mn-53 in Allan Hills-77 meteorites (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cosmic-ray-produced Mn-53 has been determined by neutron activation in nine Allan Hills-77 meteorites. Additionally, Cl-36 has been measured in seven of these objects using tandem accelerator mass spectrometry. These results, along with C-14 and Al-26 concentrations determined elsewhere, yield terrestrial ages ranging from 10,000 to 700,000 years. Weathering was not found to result in Mn-53 loss.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 52; 1, Ja; Jan. 198
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  • 17
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    Surface reflectance measurements in the ultraviolet from an airborne platform. II (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The spectral and broadband reflectance of naturally occurring desert sand, black lava, gypsum sand, and snow cover is measured from a twin engine Cessna 402-series aircraft. The measurement system is computer controlled and electrically isolated from the aircraft. It consists of upward and downward looking hemispheric diffusers, filters, a rotating 90 degree mirror, a focusing lens, and a double monochromator/PMT or a UV enhanced photodiode. Measurements are made at several altitudes enabling the empirical determination of the backscatter and attenuation effects on the reflectance. These reflectance results along with those reported earlier for a pine forest, green farmland, the open ocean, and brown farmland are represented analytically.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 18
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    Jupiter tail phenomena upstream from Saturn (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Plasma wave and plasma probe measurements from Voyager 2 for February 1981 suggest the detection of phenomena associated with a well defined Jupiter tail, at a distance of about 6,200 Jovian radii. This is held to imply that the Saturn magnetosphere will be affected by the Jovian tail, and that insight into the physics of Saturn's magnetosphere may be obtained through comparisons of Voyager 1 and 2 data. Among the effects that can be sought in Voyager 2 data are magnetosphere size variations, bow shock location, radio emission strength and trapped radiation belt population.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 292; Aug. 13
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  • 19
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    Local Mars dust storm generation mechanism (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: On an areocentric solar longitude of 340 deg, first Mars year of Viking on the surface, a local dust storm was observed at the Viking Lander No. 1 site by Viking Orbiter A. The storm lasted less than one Martian day (sol) with the dust raised affecting the site for about three sols. It is concluded that this storm was caused by baroclinic waves and that the threshold wind speed for saltation was 25-30 m/sec.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Aug. 198
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  • 20
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    Generation of Martian chaos and channels by debris flows (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A debris flow mechanism is proposed to account for the formation of chaos and the large channels debouching into Crysae Planitia from the adjacent southern uplands of Mars. Based on considerations of the juxtaposition of individual channel environments, the morphological assemblages within each environment and flow dynamics, it is suggested that the debris flows were triggered by the large-scale failure of subsurface sediments, possibly initiated by a seismic event. During the initial, slow-moving phase of the flow, the debris would have formed gently sinuous channels with multiple side-wall slumps, grooves and ridges, and elongate erosional remnants. The flow would have gained mobility as the debris moved downslope, producing travel distances greatly in excess of those characteristic of terrestrial examples, and eroded, streamlined remnants at the distal reaches of the channel. Finally, due to internal and boundary friction, the flow would have been slowed down once it entered the Chryse plains, resulting in a thin debris blanket with no depositional relief.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 45; Jan. 198
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