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  • 1
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: STEM ; PEELS ; HAADFI ; Nanolithography ; Super-resolution ; STM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The Microstructural Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory is actively involved in a considerable number of research projects which cover a broad range of materials science. In this paper, we describe briefly several such projects, with particular emphasis given to the application of parallel-detection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to the analysis of materials such as stainless steels, catalysts, and high temperature superconductors. In addition, we describe a number of related projects that are currently being carried out in the group, particularly those which utilise and develop novel STEM imaging and analytical techniques. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of normalization is used to develop the J-R curve fracture toughness characterization for polymeric materials. This method can develop J-R curves directly from load vs. displacement records without a need for an on-line crack monitoring system. It was used previously to develop J-R curves for metallic materials and is applied here for the first time to polymer materials. Single edge notched bend specimens of rubber toughened nylon 6/6 and rubber toughened amorphous nylon are used in this study. The J-R curves from the method of normalization are compared with the results obtained from the multiple specimen method of ASTM Standard E813. The results show that the method of normalization gives reasonable J-R curves; both methods show agreement over the early J-R curve region. In addition the JIc values are determined for each method and compared. Based on this work it is suggested that the method of normalization could be used as a general test method to develop J-R curves for polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to identify the presence of Cu contamination on undoped semiinsulating GaAs wafer surfaces following polishing under certain conditions. The presence of a contaminating species on the wafer surface is indicated by the influence of pre-etch treatments on electrical measurements performed on heat-treated wafers, with and without Si implants. The identification of Cu as a contaminant is confirmed by photoluminescence measurements. With the appropriate wafer preparation process, the level of Cu contamination is below the SIMS detection limit of 〈1 × 1016 atoms cm-3.In the SIMS analysis of the surface-contaminated wafers, the Cu depth profile shape was dependent on the primary beam bombardment energy, suggesting a chemical segregation of Cu out of the altered layer, a redistribution that is known to occur in Si.To quantify the surface concentration of Cu, GaAs wafers were deliberately contaminated with Cu, heat treated and analysed with glow discharge mass spectrometry and SIMS to provide a cross-calibration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 221 (1994), S. 187-205 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyether auf Triazinbasis können mittels phasentransferkatalysierter Polykondensation bei Raumtemperatur und Reaktionszeiten von 1 bis 3 h hergestellt werden. Von mehr als 20 Polyethern wurden Löslichkeiten, Glasübergangstemperaturen, thermogravimetrische Daten, Reißdehnungen, Reißfestigkeiten, Elastizitätsmoduli und Schlagzähigkeiten bestimmt. Von den Polymeren aus 2,4-Dichlor-6-diethylamino-s-triazin und Bisphenol A wurde zusätzlich der Kristallisationsgrad mittels Röntgenweitwinkelstreuung ermittelt. Das Inkrement des 1,3,5-Triazintriylrings wurde bestimmt, so daß die Glastemperaturen einiger Polyether nach van Krevelen berechnet werden konnten.
    Notes: Triazine-based polyethers can be synthesized by phase transfer catalysed interfacial polycondensation at room temperature and reaction times of about 1 to 3 h. In this way, more than 20 polyethers were synthesized and solubilities, glass transition temperatures, thermogravimetric data, elongations at break, tensil strengths, elasticity moduli and impact strengths were determined. In addition, the degree of crystallinity was investigated for the polymer obtained from of 2,4-dichloro-6-diethylamino-s-triazine and bisphenol A by wide angle X-ray diffraction. The increment of the 1,3,5-triazinetriyl ring was determined, which made it possible to calculate the glass transition temperatures of some polyethers according to van Krevelen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 613-624 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: At 75/25 concentration ratio, bisphenol a polycarbonate (PC)/styreneacry-lonitrile copolymer (SAN) blend has poor impact resistance compared to PC/ABS. A rubber phase methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) of core/shell type was dispersed in PC/SAN blend. The morphology of the unmodified and modified blend was investigated. The influence of the acrylonitrile ratio in the SAN on the microstructure was studied. It clearly shows that core/shell resides at the interface between PC and SAN. It seems that core/shell particles enhance the adhesion between the different phases. Their presence influences the interface mobility; i.e., the coalescence of the dispersed phase observed in pure PC/SAN is considerably reduced when the MBS particles are added. The impact resistance of the samples was correlated with the morphology.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Steady state fluorescence measurements in dilute solution have been performed for eight halogenated polystyrenes and for poly(2,5-dimethylstyrene). The monomers for halogenated polymers are o-X-styrene (X = F, Cl, Br), m-fluorostyrene, p-X-styrene, and p-chloro-α-methylstyrene. The position of the excimer band and the ratio of the intensities of the excimer and monomer fluorescence depend on the substitution. The results for poly(p-chloro-α-methylstyrene) and poly(2,5-dimethylstyrene) can be rationalized by a conformational analysis that examines the preferred geometries for face-to-face complexes by rings bonded to chain atoms i and i + 2. The results for the other polymers cannot be explained by a conformational analysis. They appear to arise from a combination of factors that alter the electronic properties of the chromophore.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3591-3595 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oligomers are potentially useful as well characterized models for studying the chemical and physical properties of their long chain homologues. These model compounds are often available only as mixtures which must be separated. This separation may be accomplished using chromatographic techniques, i.e., GPC. Polydispersity (Mw/Mn) is often used as a criteria for the extent to which separation has been achieved. Values of polydispersity of 1.01-1.03 are considered indicative of very narrow fractions in the high polymer area. A purpose of this paper is to show that such low values of polydispersity are misleading when applied to oligomers containing 2-20 repeat units. Further, the existence of a single “sharp” melting endotherm is not necessarily proof that one has separated out a single molecular weight component. An intimate mixture of different molecular weight oligomers can give a single narrow endotherm.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 716-720 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A numerical model of the reaction injection molding process was developed to test front shape and flow approximations employed in previous models. The model was two-dimensional and simulated the flow, reaction, and heat transfer in the typically long axial dimension and the typically small thickness dimension of a mold. The filling front shape and the velocity profiles in the filling fluid were determined by numerical solution of the momentum equation with the appropriate stress boundary conditions using the method of Patankar (1980). The predicted temperature and conversion results agreed with calculations assuming that the front was flat perpendicular to the flow and that a parabolic velocity profile existed behind the fountain flow region at the front. Thus, simple assumptions about front shape and velocity in the thin dimension of a reaction injection mold can be employed without significant loss of accuracy in modeling reaction injection molding.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 1674-1684 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of L-lactide with 15 or more mole % D-lactide are amorphous, noncrystallizable hydrolytically degradable materials. These glassy materials are brittle in tension and bending. To make these materials suitable for use as load-bearing devices in biomedical applications, toughness has to be enhanced. This is effectively accomplished by introducing a separate degradable rubber phase in the amorphous matrix. Several approaches have been explored: solution blending and coprecipitation of trimethylene carbonate and ∊-caprolactone rubbers and poly(lactide), preparation of ABA triblock copolymers and blending of ABA block copolymers with the amorphous poly(lactide) matrix. In all cases very tough materials could be prepared. These materials are easily processable by compression molding at relatively low temperatures.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 765-778 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years, the development of high performance Spectra® fibers has received increasing attention in industry. Because of the outstanding capability to absorb energy, these polyethylene fibers are frequently used in damage tolerant composite materials to protect equipment, apparatus, and/or people against blast and debris of explosion or projectiles. Since the fiber is thermally stable, it is possible to design composite structures that are suitable for use in applications where prolonged exposure to flame is anticipated. In this paper, we report the findings obtained in a recent flammability evaluation of a Spectra composite subjected to a torch flame, and to hot metal balls. The Spectra composite structures that will be discussed were found to withstand these exposures without burning and the smoke generation and toxic gas emission were far below the limits set in the standard for current aircraft interior materials.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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