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  • Articles  (19)
  • 2015-2019  (19)
  • Science  (14)
  • Royal Society Open Science  (5)
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  • Articles  (19)
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  • 1
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    Accelerating adaptive inverse distance weighting interpolation algorithm on a graphics processing unit (2017)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-21
    Description: This paper focuses on designing and implementing parallel adaptive inverse distance weighting (AIDW) interpolation algorithms by using the graphics processing unit (GPU). The AIDW is an improved version of the standard IDW, which can adaptively determine the power parameter according to the data points’ spatial distribution pattern and achieve more accurate predictions than those predicted by IDW. In this paper, we first present two versions of the GPU-accelerated AIDW, i.e. the naive version without profiting from the shared memory and the tiled version taking advantage of the shared memory. We also implement the naive version and the tiled version using two data layouts, structure of arrays and array of aligned structures, on both single and double precision. We then evaluate the performance of parallel AIDW by comparing it with its corresponding serial algorithm on three different machines equipped with the GPUs GT730M, M5000 and K40c. The experimental results indicate that: (i) there is no significant difference in the computational efficiency when different data layouts are employed; (ii) the tiled version is always slightly faster than the naive version; and (iii) on single precision the achieved speed-up can be up to 763 (on the GPU M5000), while on double precision the obtained highest speed-up is 197 (on the GPU K40c). To benefit the community, all source code and testing data related to the presented parallel AIDW algorithm are publicly available.
    Keywords: computer modelling and simulation
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
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    Teosinte ligule allele narrows plant architecture and enhances high-density maize yields (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Increased planting densities have boosted maize yields. Upright plant architecture facilitates dense planting. Here, we cloned 〈i〉UPA1〈/i〉 (〈i〉Upright Plant Architecture1〈/i〉) and 〈i〉UPA2〈/i〉, two quantitative trait loci conferring upright plant architecture. 〈i〉UPA2〈/i〉 is controlled by a two-base sequence polymorphism regulating the expression of a B3-domain transcription factor (〈i〉ZmRAVL1〈/i〉) located 9.5 kilobases downstream. 〈i〉UPA2〈/i〉 exhibits differential binding by DRL1 (DROOPING LEAF1), and DRL1 physically interacts with LG1 (LIGULELESS1) and represses LG1 activation of 〈i〉ZmRAVL1〈/i〉. 〈i〉ZmRAVL1〈/i〉 regulates 〈i〉brd1〈/i〉 (〈i〉brassinosteroid C-6 oxidase1〈/i〉), which underlies 〈i〉UPA1〈/i〉, altering endogenous brassinosteroid content and leaf angle. The 〈i〉UPA2〈/i〉 allele that reduces leaf angle originated from teosinte, the wild ancestor of maize, and has been lost during maize domestication. Introgressing the wild 〈i〉UPA2〈/i〉 allele into modern hybrids and editing 〈i〉ZmRAVL1〈/i〉 enhance high-density maize yields.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Giant piezoelectricity of Sm-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉High-performance piezoelectrics benefit transducers and sensors in a variety of electromechanical applications. The materials with the highest piezoelectric charge coefficients (〈i〉d〈/i〉〈sub〉33〈/sub〉) are relaxor-PbTiO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 crystals, which were discovered two decades ago. We successfully grew Sm-doped Pb(Mg〈sub〉1/3〈/sub〉Nb〈sub〉2/3〈/sub〉)O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-PbTiO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 (Sm-PMN-PT) single crystals with even higher 〈i〉d〈/i〉〈sub〉33〈/sub〉 values ranging from 3400 to 4100 picocoulombs per newton, with variation below 20% over the as-grown crystal boule, exhibiting good property uniformity. We characterized the Sm-PMN-PT on the atomic scale with scanning transmission electron microscopy and made first-principles calculations to determine that the giant piezoelectric properties arise from the enhanced local structural heterogeneity introduced by Sm〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 dopants. Rare-earth doping is thus identified as a general strategy for introducing local structural heterogeneity in order to enhance the piezoelectricity of relaxor ferroelectric crystals.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    A Eu3+-Eu2+ ion redox shuttle imparts operational durability to Pb-I perovskite solar cells (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉The components with soft nature in the metal halide perovskite absorber usually generate lead (Pb)〈sup〉0〈/sup〉 and iodine (I)〈sup〉0〈/sup〉 defects during device fabrication and operation. These defects serve as not only recombination centers to deteriorate device efficiency but also degradation initiators to hamper device lifetimes. We show that the europium ion pair Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉-Eu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 acts as the "redox shuttle" that selectively oxidized Pb〈sup〉0〈/sup〉 and reduced I〈sup〉0〈/sup〉 defects simultaneously in a cyclical transition. The resultant device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.52% (certified 20.52%) with substantially improved long-term durability. The devices retained 92% and 89% of the peak PCE under 1-sun continuous illumination or heating at 85°C for 1500 hours and 91% of the original stable PCE after maximum power point tracking for 500 hours, respectively.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Fabrication of the heterojunction catalyst BiVO4/P25 and its visible-light photocatalytic activities (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-16
    Description: A heterojunction catalyst, BiVO 4 /P25, was successfully fabricated using a one-step hydrothermal method. The prepared composite was characterized using XRD, XPS, Raman, FT-IR, UV–vis, SEM, HRTEM and PL. The HRTEM pictures revealed that the heterostructured composite was composed of BiVO 4 and P25, and from the pictures of SEM we could see the P25 nanoparticles assembling on the surface of flower-shaped BiVO 4 nanostructures. The XPS spectra showed that the prepared catalyst consisted of Bi, V, O, Ti and C. The photocatalytic activity of BiVO 4 /P25 was evaluated by degraded methyl blue (MB) and tetracycline under visible light illumination ( 〉 420 nm), and the results showed that BiVO 4 /P25 composite has a better photocatalytic performance compared with pure BiVO 4 and the most active c-BiVO 4 /P25 sample showed enough catalytic stability after three successive reuses for MB photodegradation. The enhanced photocatalytic performance could mainly be attributed to the better optical absorption ability and good absorption ability of organic contaminants.
    Keywords: chemical engineering
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 6
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    Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells amplify allergic asthma responses (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare airway epithelial cells whose function is poorly understood. Here we show that Ascl1 -mutant mice that have no PNECs exhibit severely blunted mucosal type 2 response in models of allergic asthma. PNECs reside in close proximity to group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) near airway branch points. PNECs act through calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to stimulate ILC2s and elicit downstream immune responses. In addition, PNECs act through the neurotransmitter -aminobutyric acid (GABA) to induce goblet cell hyperplasia. The instillation of a mixture of CGRP and GABA in Ascl1 -mutant airways restores both immune and goblet cell responses. In accordance, lungs from human asthmatics show increased PNECs. These findings demonstrate that the PNEC-ILC2 neuroimmunological modules function at airway branch points to amplify allergic asthma responses.
    Keywords: Immunology, Medicine, Diseases, Online Only
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Imaging the halogen bond in self-assembled halogenbenzenes on silver (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Description: Halogens are among the most electronegative elements, and the variations in size and polarizability of halogens require different descriptions of the intermolecular bonds they form. Here we use the inelastic tunneling probe (itProbe) to acquire real-space imaging of intermolecular-bonding structures in the two-dimensional self-assembly of halogenbenzene molecules on a metal surface. Direct visualization is obtained for the intermolecular attraction and the "windmill" pattern of bonding among the fully halogenated molecules. Our results provide a hitherto missing understanding of the nature of the halogen bond.
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Description: The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from carbohydrate fermentation, and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized clinical study of specifically designed isoenergetic diets, together with fecal shotgun metagenomics, to show that a select group of SCFA-producing strains was promoted by dietary fibers and that most other potential producers were either diminished or unchanged in patients with T2DM. When the fiber-promoted SCFA producers were present in greater diversity and abundance, participants had better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels, partly via increased glucagon-like peptide-1 production. Promotion of these positive responders diminished producers of metabolically detrimental compounds such as indole and hydrogen sulfide. Targeted restoration of these SCFA producers may present a novel ecological approach for managing T2DM.
    Keywords: Medicine, Diseases, Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Recovered Tibetan antelope at risk again (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Direct observation of van der Waals stacking-dependent interlayer magnetism (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Controlling the crystal structure is a powerful approach for manipulating the fundamental properties of solids. In van der Waals materials, this control can be achieved by modifying the stacking order through rotation and translation between the layers. Here, we observed stacking-dependent interlayer magnetism in the two-dimensional (2D) magnetic semiconductor chromium tribromide (CrBr〈sub〉3〈/sub〉), which was enabled by the successful growth of its monolayer and bilayer through molecular beam epitaxy. Using in situ spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we directly correlate the atomic lattice structure with the observed magnetic order. Although the individual monolayer CrBr〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 is ferromagnetic, the interlayer coupling in bilayer depends on the stacking order and can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. Our observations pave the way for manipulating 2D magnetism with layer twist angle control.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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