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  • 11
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    Label-free surface-sensitive photonic microscopy with high spatial resolution using azimuthal rotation illumination (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) with single-direction illumination is a powerful platform for biomedical imaging because of its wide-field, label-free, and high-surface-sensitivity imaging capabilities. However, two disadvantages prevent wider use of SPRM. The first is its poor spatial resolution that can be as large as several micrometers. The second is that SPRM requires use of metal films as sample substrates; this introduces working wavelength limitations. In addition, cell culture growth on metal films is not as universally available as growth on dielectric substrates. Here we show that use of azimuthal rotation illumination allows SPRM spatial resolution to be enhanced by up to an order of magnitude. The metal film can also be replaced by a dielectric multilayer and then a different label-free surface-sensitive photonic microscopy is developed, which has more choices in terms of the working wavelength, polarization, and imaging section, and will bring opportunities for applications in biology.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 12
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    Conjoined-network rendered stiff and tough hydrogels from biogenic molecules (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Hydrogels from biological sources are expected as potential structural biomaterials, but most of them are either soft or fragile. Here, a new strategy was developed to construct hydrogels that were both stiff and tough via the formation of the conjoined-network, which was distinct from improving homogeneity or incorporating energy dissipation mechanisms (double-network) approaches. Conjoined-network hydrogels stand for a class of hydrogels consisting of two or more networks that are connected by sharing interconnection points to collaborate and featured as follows: (i) All the composed networks had a similar or equal energy dissipation mechanism, and (ii) these networks were intertwined to effectively distribute stress in the whole system. As a specific example, a biogenic conjoined-network hydrogel was prepared by electrostatically cross-linking the chitosan-gelatin composite with multivalent sodium phytate. The combination of high compressive modulus and toughness was realized at the same time in the chitosan-gelatin-phytate system. Moreover, these physical hydrogels exhibited extraordinary self-recovery and fatigue resistance ability. Our results provide a general strategy for the design of biocompatible stiff and tough conjoined-network hydrogels due to a variety of potential cross-linking mechanisms available (e.g., electrostatic attraction, host-guest interaction, and hydrogen bonding).〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 13
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    Discovery and structural characterization of a therapeutic antibody against coxsackievirus A10 (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-20
    Description: Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) recently emerged as a major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina in children worldwide, and lack of a vaccine or a cure against CVA10 infections has made therapeutic antibody identification a public health priority. By targeting a local isolate, CVA10-FJ-01, we obtained a potent antibody, 2G8, against all three capsid forms of CVA10. We show that 2G8 exhibited both 100% preventive and 100% therapeutic efficacy against CVA10 infection in mice. Comparisons of the near-atomic cryo–electron microscopy structures of the three forms of CVA10 capsid and their complexes with 2G8 Fab reveal that a single Fab binds a border region across the three capsid proteins (VP1 to VP3) and explain 2G8’s remarkable cross-reactivities against all three capsid forms. The atomic structures of this first neutralizing antibody of CVA10 should inform strategies for designing vaccines and therapeutics against CVA10 infections.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 14
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    Synthesis of citric acid-modified resins and their adsorption properties towards metal ions (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-16
    Description: Types of resins anchored on citric acid were synthesized and identified. The citric acid-modified resins PS-CA, PS-O-CA and PS-N-CA were synthesized by anchoring citric acid on PS-Cl, PS-OH and PS-NH 2 , respectively. The PS-CA, PS-O-CA and PS-N-CA were used to adsorb Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ . The influences of pH, adsorption time and metal ion concentration on the adsorption capacities of the resins were investigated. After optimization, PS-CA was a good adsorbent to Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ with q m values of 143.9 mg g –1 , 77.4 mg g –1 , 18.9 mg g –1 and 119.9 mg g –1 , respectively. PS-N-CA was a good adsorbent to Al 3+ and Hg 2+ with q m values of 176.6 mg g –1 and 114.9 mg g –1 , respectively. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm experiments indicated that the pseudo-first-order rate equation was more appropriate for characterizing the kinetic data and the Langmuir model was more suitable for fitting the equilibrium data. The reusability of the citric acid-modified resins was also evaluated and these resins exhibited considerable reusability.
    Keywords: chemical engineering
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 15
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    Adaptive recursive algorithm for optimal weighted suprathreshold stochastic resonance (2017)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: Suprathreshold stochastic resonance (SSR) is a distinct form of stochastic resonance, which occurs in multilevel parallel threshold arrays with no requirements on signal strength. In the generic SSR model, an optimal weighted decoding scheme shows its superiority in minimizing the mean square error (MSE). In this study, we extend the proposed optimal weighted decoding scheme to more general input characteristics by combining a Kalman filter and a least mean square (LMS) recursive algorithm, wherein the weighted coefficients can be adaptively adjusted so as to minimize the MSE without complete knowledge of input statistics. We demonstrate that the optimal weighted decoding scheme based on the Kalman–LMS recursive algorithm is able to robustly decode the outputs from the system in which SSR is observed, even for complex situations where the signal and noise vary over time.
    Keywords: mathematical physics, biophysics
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 16
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    Air pollution-aerosol interactions produce more bioavailable iron for ocean ecosystems (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: It has long been hypothesized that acids formed from anthropogenic pollutants and natural emissions dissolve iron (Fe) in airborne particles, enhancing the supply of bioavailable Fe to the oceans. However, field observations have yet to provide indisputable evidence to confirm this hypothesis. Single-particle chemical analysis for hundreds of individual atmospheric particles collected over the East China Sea shows that Fe-rich particles from coal combustion and steel industries were coated with thick layers of sulfate after 1 to 2 days of atmospheric residence. The Fe in aged particles was present as a "hotspot" of (insoluble) iron oxides and throughout the acidic sulfate coating in the form of (soluble) Fe sulfate, which increases with degree of aging (thickness of coating). This provides the "smoking gun" for acid iron dissolution, because iron sulfate was not detected in the freshly emitted particles and there is no other source or mechanism of iron sulfate formation in the atmosphere.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 17
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    Large-scale RNAi screen identified Dhpr as a regulator of mitochondrial morphology and tissue homeostasis (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles. Through a large-scale in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) screen that covered around a quarter of the 〈i〉Drosophila melanogaster〈/i〉 genes (4000 genes), we identified 578 genes whose knockdown led to aberrant shapes or distributions of mitochondria. The complex analysis revealed that knockdown of the subunits of proteasomes, spliceosomes, and the electron transport chain complexes could severely affect mitochondrial morphology. The loss of 〈i〉Dhpr〈/i〉, a gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing tetrahydrobiopterin regeneration, leads to a reduction in the numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons, shorter lifespan, and gradual loss of muscle integrity and climbing ability. The affected mitochondria in 〈i〉Dhpr〈/i〉 mutants are swollen and have fewer cristae, probably due to lower levels of Drp1 S-nitrosylation. Overexpression of Drp1, but not of S-nitrosylation–defective Drp1, rescued 〈i〉Dhpr〈/i〉 RNAi-induced mitochondrial defects. We propose that Dhpr regulates mitochondrial morphology and tissue homeostasis by modulating S-nitrosylation of Drp1.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 18
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    Functional odor classification through a medicinal chemistry approach (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-10
    Description: Crucial for any hypothesis about odor coding is the classification and prediction of sensory qualities in chemical compounds. The relationship between perceptual quality and molecular structure has occupied olfactory scientists throughout the 20th century, but details of the mechanism remain elusive. Odor molecules are typically organic compounds of low molecular weight that may be aliphatic or aromatic, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may have diverse functional polar groups. However, many molecules conforming to these characteristics are odorless. One approach recently used to solve this problem was to apply machine learning strategies to a large set of odors and human classifiers in an attempt to find common and unique chemical features that would predict a chemical’s odor. We use an alternative method that relies more on the biological responses of olfactory sensory neurons and then applies the principles of medicinal chemistry, a technique widely used in drug discovery. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy through a classification for esters, an important odorant for the creation of flavor in wine. Our findings indicate that computational approaches that do not account for biological responses will be plagued by both false positives and false negatives and fail to provide meaningful mechanistic data. However, the two approaches used in tandem could resolve many of the paradoxes in odor perception.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    Integrating viscoelastic mass spring dampers into position-based dynamics to simulate soft tissue deformation in real time (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-15
    Description: We propose a novel method to simulate soft tissue deformation for virtual surgery applications. The method considers the mechanical properties of soft tissue, such as its viscoelasticity, nonlinearity and incompressibility; its speed, stability and accuracy also meet the requirements for a surgery simulator. Modifying the traditional equation for mass spring dampers (MSD) introduces nonlinearity and viscoelasticity into the calculation of elastic force. Then, the elastic force is used in the constraint projection step for naturally reducing constraint potential. The node position is enforced by the combined spring force and constraint conservative force through Newton's second law. We conduct a comparison study of conventional MSD and position-based dynamics for our new integrating method. Our approach enables stable, fast and large step simulation by freely controlling visual effects based on nonlinearity, viscoelasticity and incompressibility. We implement a laparoscopic cholecystectomy simulator to demonstrate the practicality of our method, in which liver and gallbladder deformation can be simulated in real time. Our method is an appropriate choice for the development of real-time virtual surgery applications.
    Keywords: biophysics, computer graphics, computer modelling and simulation
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 20
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    A new generation of alloyed/multimetal chalcogenide nanowires by chemical transformation (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-08
    Description: One-dimensional metal chalcogenide nanostructures are important candidates for many technological applications such as photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. However, the design and synthesis of one-dimensional metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials with controllable components and properties remain a challenge. We report a general chemical transformation process for the synthesis of more than 45 kinds of one-dimensional alloyed/hybrid metal chalcogenide nanostructures inherited from mother template Te x Se y @Se core-shell nanowires with tunable compositions. As many as nine types of monometal chalcogenide alloy nanowires (including AgSeTe, HgSeTe, CuSeTe, BiSeTe, PbSeTe, CdSeTe, SbSeTe, NiSeTe, and CoSeTe) can be synthesized. Alloyed and hybrid nanowires integrated with two or more alloyed metal chalcogenide phases can also be prepared. The compositions of all of these metal chalcogenide nanowires are tunable within a wide range. This protocol provides a new general route for the controllable synthesis of a new generation of one-dimensional metal chalcogenide nanostructures.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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