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Rhipicephalus sanguineus Complex in the Americas: Systematic, Genetic Diversity, and Geographic Insights (2021)

Sánchez-Montes, Sokani ; Salceda-Sánchez, Beatriz ; Bermúdez, Sergio E. ; [et al.]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

In: Pathogens . 2021; 10(9): 1118. Published 2021 Sep 01. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10091118.

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Publication Date: 2021-09-01

Description: The Rhipicephalus sanguineus group encompasses at least 12 validated species of Palearctic and Afrotropical hard ticks, which are relevant in veterinary medicine and public health. The taxonomy of R. sanguineus s.s., has been particularly intensely debated, due to its wide geographic distribution, morphological variants, parasite-host associations, and its capacity and vectorial competence for the transmission of several pathogens. By sequencing mitochondrial markers, it was possible to identify the existence of multiple lineages, among which the Tropical and the Temperate lineages stand out, particularly in America. However, the northern limit between these lineages is not clear due to the lack of extensive sampling across Mexico. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity and structure of the R. sanguineus group in Mexico and to compare it with the populations reported in the Americas, in order to propose the northern limit of the R. sanguineus Tropical lineage and the potential regions of sympatry with R. sanguineus s.s. The findings of this study now confirm the presence of R. sanguineus s.s. in Mexico, showing a subtle genetic structure and high genetic diversity throughout its distribution in the Americas. In contrast, the Tropical lineage seems to be genetically less diverse in its overall distribution in the Americas. The genetic diversity of these two independent lineages could have important epidemiological implications in the transmission of tick pathogens.

Electronic ISSN: 2076-0817

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International

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Proteomic Characterization of Host-Pathogen Interactions during Bovine Trophoblast Cell Line Infection by Neospora caninum (2020)

Regidor-Cerrillo, Javier ; Xia, Dong ; Jiménez-Pelayo, Laura ; [et al.]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

In: Pathogens . 2020; 9(9): 749. Published 2020 Sep 15. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090749.

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Publication Date: 2020-09-15

Description: Despite the importance of bovine neosporosis, relevant knowledge gaps remain concerning the pathogenic mechanisms of Neospora caninum. Infection of the placenta is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of the disease; however, very little is known about the relation of the parasite with this target organ. Recent studies have shown that isolates with important variations in virulence also show different interactions with the bovine trophoblast cell line F3 in terms of proliferative capacity and transcriptome host cell modulation. Herein, we used the same model of infection to study the interaction of Neospora with these target cells at the proteomic level using LC-MS/MS over the course of the parasite lytic cycle. We also analysed the proteome differences between high- (Nc-Spain7) and low-virulence (Nc-Spain1H) isolates. The results showed that mitochondrial processes and metabolism were the main points of Neospora-host interactions. Interestingly, Nc-Spain1H infection showed a higher level of influence on the host cell proteome than Nc-Spain7 infection.

Electronic ISSN: 2076-0817

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International

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Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection under Experimental and Field Conditions Using an AlphaLISA Platform (2020)

Kimpston-Burkgren, Kay ; Mora-Díaz, Juan Carlos ; Roby, Philippe ; [et al.]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

In: Pathogens . 2020; 9(3): 233. Published 2020 Mar 21. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9030233.

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Publication Date: 2020-03-21

Description: Coronavirus infections are a continuous threat raised time and again. With the recent emergence of novel virulent strains, these viruses can have a large impact on human and animal health. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is considered to be a reemerging pig disease caused by the enteropathogenic alphacoronavirus PED virus (PEDV). In the absence of effective vaccines, infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine are critical. Early detection and differential diagnosis of PEDV infections increase the chance of successful control of the disease. Therefore, there is a continuous need for development of reduced assay-step protocols, no-wash, high-throughput immunoassays. This study described the characterization of the humoral immune response against PEDV under experimental and field conditions using a rapid, sensitive, luminescent proximity homogenous assay (AlphaLISA). PEDV IgG and IgA antibodies were developed toward the beginning of the second week of infection. PEDV IgG antibodies were detected for at least 16 weeks post-exposure. Remarkably, the serum IgA levels remained high and relatively stable throughout the study, lasting longer than the serum IgG response. Overall, AlphaLISA allows the detection and characterization of pathogen-specific antibodies with new speed, sensitivity, and simplicity of use. Particularly, the bridge assay constitutes a rapid diagnostic that substantially improves upon the “time to result” metric of currently available immunoassays.

Electronic ISSN: 2076-0817

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International

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Neospora caninum: Structure and Fate of Multinucleated Complexes Induced by the Bumped Kinase Inhibitor BKI-1294 (2020)

Winzer, Pablo ; Anghel, Nicoleta ; Imhof, Dennis ; [et al.]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

In: Pathogens . 2020; 9(5): 382. Published 2020 May 16. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9050382.

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Publication Date: 2020-05-16

Description: Background: Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are potential drugs for neosporosis treatment in farm animals. BKI-1294 exposure results in the formation of multinucleated complexes (MNCs), which remain viable in vitro under constant drug pressure. We investigated the formation of BKI-1294 induced MNCs, the re-emergence of viable tachyzoites following drug removal, and the localization of CDPK1, the molecular target of BKIs. Methods: N. caninum tachyzoites and MNCs were studied by TEM and immunofluorescence using antibodies directed against CDPK1, and against NcSAG1 and IMC1 as markers for tachyzoites and newly formed zoites, respectively. Results: After six days of drug exposure, MNCs lacked SAG1 surface expression but remained intracellular, and formed numerous zoites incapable of disjoining from each other. Following drug removal, proliferation continued, and zoites lacking NcSAG1 emerged from the periphery of these complexes, forming infective tachyzoites after 10 days. In intracellular tachyzoites, CDPK1 was evenly distributed but shifted towards the apical part once parasites were extracellular. This shift was not affected by BKI-1294. Conclusions: CDPK1 has a dynamic distribution depending on whether parasites are located within a host cell or outside. During MNC-to-tachyzoite reconversion newly formed tachyzoites are generated directly from MNCs through zoites of unknown surface antigen composition. Further in vivo studies are needed to determine if MNCs could lead to a persistent reservoir of infection after BKI treatment.

Electronic ISSN: 2076-0817

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International

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A Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis in Pregnant Women (Peruvian Amazon Basin) (2020)

Ortiz-Martínez, Sonia ; Ramos-Rincón, José-Manuel ; Vásquez-Chasnamote, María-Esteyner ; [et al.]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

In: Pathogens . 2020; 9(5): 348. Published 2020 May 04. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9050348.

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Publication Date: 2020-05-04

Description: Strongyloidiasis is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis with a high global prevalence. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection and assess strongyloidiasis serology as a screening technique in the Peruvian Amazon. Material and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of strongyloidiasis in 300 pregnant women in Iquitos (Peru) from 1 May 2019 to 15 June 2019. Women were tested using serology (Strongyloides IgG IVD-ELISA kit) as an index test and the modified Baermann technique and/or charcoal fecal culture as the parasitological reference standard. Results: The reference tests showed S. stercoralis in the stool of 30 women (prevalence: 10%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.1% to 13.9%), while 101 women tested positive on the blood test (prevalence: 33.7%; 95% CI 28.6% to 39.4%). Fourteen of the 15 women (93.3%) with positive results according to the modified Baermann technique, and 14 of the 23 women (56.5%) with positive charcoal cultures also had positive serological results. Serology showed a sensitivity of 63.3% and a negative predictive value of 94.4%. Conclusion: In Iquitos, pregnant women have a high prevalence of S stercoralis. S. stercoralis ELISA could be an excellent tool for population-based screening, as it has a high negative predictive value that can help to rule out the presence of active infection.

Electronic ISSN: 2076-0817

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International

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Multi-Lineage Evolution in Viral Populations Driven by Host Immune Systems (2019)

Marchi, Jacopo ; Lässig, Michael ; Mora, Thierry ; [et al.]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

In: Pathogens . 2019; 8(3): 115. Published 2019 Jul 29. doi: 10.3390/pathogens8030115.

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Publication Date: 2019-07-29

Description: Viruses evolve in the background of host immune systems that exert selective pressure and drive viral evolutionary trajectories. This interaction leads to different evolutionary patterns in antigenic space. Examples observed in nature include the effectively one-dimensional escape characteristic of influenza A and the prolonged coexistence of lineages in influenza B. Here, we use an evolutionary model for viruses in the presence of immune host systems with finite memory to obtain a phase diagram of evolutionary patterns in a two-dimensional antigenic space. We find that, for small effective mutation rates and mutation jump ranges, a single lineage is the only stable solution. Large effective mutation rates combined with large mutational jumps in antigenic space lead to multiple stably co-existing lineages over prolonged evolutionary periods. These results combined with observations from data constrain the parameter regimes for the adaptation of viruses, including influenza.

Electronic ISSN: 2076-0817

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International

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