ALBERT

Beschreibung: Abstract The scombrids (Family Scombridae), commonly known as tunas, bonitos, Spanish mackerels, and mackerels, play an important role as predators and prey in coastal and oceanic marine ecosystems, and sustain some of the most important fisheries in the world. Knowledge of their basic biology and life history traits, such as growth, age and maturity, is fundamental to sustainably manage these species, and maintain their critical role in marine ecosystems. Given the economic and social importance of their fisheries in many regions throughout the world, numerous life history studies have been conducted in the last century. Despite efforts to create global repositories of life history parameters, e.g. FishBase, many life history studies remain scattered and not readily accessible. Here, we compiled 667 life history studies published between 1933 and 2012 describing the growth, age, and reproductive biology of the 51 species of scombrids distributed around the world and create a standardized life history dataset including maximum size, longevity, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season and frequency, and egg size information. We created this dataset to promote the best use of the existing life history information and with the intention of providing a data resource suitable to test large‐scale ecological hypotheses on life history strategies and life history evolution, as well as support the management and conservation of this important group of commercially exploited species. We envisage the large repository of standardized life history data compiled will make this endeavor more effective and robust by providing a valuable resource that can help address many research questions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Beschreibung: Abstract The study of the coastal landscapes of hotspot oceanic islands through comprehensive structural metrics and ecological estimators represents an opportunity to explore geomorphological transformations and broad spatiotemporal scale features of coastal evolution. As part of this approach, a new metrical comparative analysis is presented in this study, comprising four islands in different evolutionary stages. They belong to the Cape Verde archipelago, which forms a double insular chain in which an east‐west gradient in age and evolution is particularly evident across the southern chain. A space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution approach is applied to the coasts of (1) Fogo, in the shield stage; (2) Santiago, in the early post‐erosional stage; (3) São Vicente, in the advanced post‐erosional stage; and (4) Boa Vista, in the last erosional stage. From the obtained spatial distributions and frequencies of landforms, the coastal landscapes of these islands are compared in relation to their (i) geomorphic composition, using similarity indices (Whittaker, βw, Sorensen, Cs) and nestedness estimators (NOFD, WNODF), (ii) geomorphic abundance, using morpho‐assembling densities (Dgm), and (iii) geomorphic diversity, using six alpha‐diversity indices (Richness, S, Menhinick, DMN, Simpson, D, Shannon, H', Berger‐Parker, d, and Brillouin, HB). An advanced geomorphological taxonomy is implemented for areas with limited open‐access data, including a set of planform features captured through scale‐frequency decomposition. Photographic, cartographic and field work data are used for landform identification at 1,200 random sampling points, empirically determined by a bootstrap method. The results show a chronological ordering of the compared variables and a possible co‐evolution towards an increase in organizational geomorphic complexity of coastal systems at broad space‐time scales. The method proposed in this study can contribute, from a metrical perspective, to finding new long‐term evolutionary features and constitutes an advance in the development of an integrated model of coastal evolution in oceanic islands.

Beschreibung: Dam removal has been demonstrated as one of the most frequent and effective fluvial restoration actions but at most dam removals, especially of small dams, there has been little geomorphological monitoring. The results of the geomorphological monitoring implemented in two dams in Urumea and Leitzaran Rivers (northern Spain) are presented. The one from Urumea River, originally 3.5 m high, impounded 500 m of river course, was removed instantaneously whereas that in Leitzaran River, was 12.5 m high, impounded 1,500 m of river course, and it is in its second phase of a 4-stage removal process. Changes in channel morphology, sediment size and mobility and river bed morphologies were assessed. The monitoring included different techniques: topographical measurements of the channel, terrestrial laser scanner measurements of river bed and bars, sediment grain size and transport; all of them repeated in four (May, August, November 2011 and May 2012) and five (July and September 2013, April and August 2014 and June 2015 fieldwork campaigns in Urumea and Leitzaran Rivers, respectively. Geomorphic responses of both dam removals are presented, as well as compared between them. Morphological channel adjustments occurred mainly shortly after dam removals, but with differences among the one removed instantaneously, that was immediate, whereas that conducted by stages took longer. Degradational processes were observed upstream of both dams (up to 1.2 m and 4 m in Urumea and Leitzaran Rivers, respectively), but also aggradational processes (pool filling), upstream of Inturia dam (2.85 m at least). Less evident aggradational processes were observed downstream of the dams (up to 0.37 m and 0.50 m in Urumea and Leitzaran Rivers, respectively). Flood events, specially a 100-year one registered during the monitoring period of Mendaraz dam removal, reactivated geomorphological processes as incision and bank erosion, whereas longitudinal profile recovery, grain-size sorting and upstream erosion took longer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Beschreibung: The scombrids (Family Scombridae), commonly known as tunas, bonitos, Spanish mackerels, and mackerels, play an important role as predators and prey in coastal and oceanic marine ecosystems, and sustain some of the most important fisheries in the world. Knowledge of their basic biology and life history traits, such as growth, age and maturity, is fundamental to sustainably manage these species, and maintain their critical role in marine ecosystems. Given the economic and social importance of their fisheries in many regions throughout the world, numerous life history studies have been conducted in the last century. Despite efforts to create global repositories of life history parameters, e.g. FishBase, many life history studies remain scattered and not readily accessible. Here, we compiled 667 life history studies published between 1933 and 2012 describing the growth, age, and reproductive biology of the 51 species of scombrids distributed around the world and create a standardized life history dataset including maximum size, longevity, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season and frequency, and egg size information. We created this dataset to promote the best use of the existing life history information and with the intention of providing a data resource suitable to test large-scale ecological hypotheses on life history strategies and life history evolution, as well as support the management and conservation of this important group of commercially exploited species. We envisage the large repository of standardized life history data compiled will make this endeavor more effective and robust by providing a valuable resource that can help address many research questions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Beschreibung: The long‐term evolution of coastal geomorphic structure is examined by analyzing and comparing the geomorphological composition, abundance and diversity of the coasts of three hot‐spot islands in different stages of development. A pattern of change in the geomorphological composition was observed, associated with an increasing coastal geomorphic abundance and diversity from the youngest to the oldest island. This may provide a new interpretation of the coastal evolution on hot‐spot oceanic islands. Abstract The Canary Islands form a volcanic archipelago in which a west–east (W–E) chain of progressively older and less active islands can be observed. In the Canary Islands, unlike most hot‐spot archipelagos, certain geodynamic peculiarities have promoted longer periods of island survival, exceeding 20 Myr. This factor makes these islands a suitable context for this work, which aims to analyze extensively the coastal geomorphic structure on islands with different development states. For this, three islands in different volcanic phases were selected: La Palma (1.8 Myr), Gran Canaria (14.5 Myr) and Fuerteventura (22.6 Myr). An ad hoc landform‐based hierarchical taxonomy was designed to analyze the coastal geomorphic structure of the three islands. Based on a multi‐sourced analysis in geographic information system (GIS) and field recognition, a comprehensive cartographic database was collected using the coastline data‐storing (CDS) method as a feature abundance proxy. Three different aspects of the geomorphological structure were compared and related between the islands: (i) composition, (ii) abundance and (iii) diversity. Through their comparison, we attempt to explore geomorphological aspects of coastal evolution over geological spatiotemporal scales. Composition was explored analyzing the distribution of the feature's longshore frequencies (p). Abundance, by metrics of local abundance (N∩) and whole density (NU). Diversity, through four indices: normalized richness (S) and Margalef index (M) to estimate richness; Simpson index (D) and Shannon index (H’) to estimate evenness. We identified a systematic transformation in the dominant landform composition and a systematic trend in increasing geomorphological abundance and diversity from younger to older islands. The results show a long‐term structural pattern defined by the increase in coastal geomorphic complexity (abundance and diversity) over geological time, as the coasts evolve from predominantly rocky‐erosive to increasingly clastic‐depositional environments. This long‐term geomorphological pattern may be a general aspect of hot‐spot island archipelagos, which can bring a new perspective to the knowledge of their coastal evolution. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Beschreibung: We investigate the influence of glacial history on hillslope‐channel coupling, channel geometry, and morphology in two forested mountain streams in coastal British Columbia. Glaciation of the catchments introduced variable patterns of hillslope–channel coupling, resulting in variability of hillslope sediment and wood input, channel morphology, and channel geometry. We evaluate observed channel geometry against models predicting width, depth, and slope, and results of statistically analyzing model residuals indicate that substantial variability can be explained by slope failure and logjam variables. Abstract Channel morphology of forested, mountain streams in glaciated landscapes is regulated by a complex suite of processes, and remains difficult to predict. Here, we analyze models of channel geometry against a comprehensive field dataset collected in two previously glaciated basins in Haida Gwaii, B.C., to explore the influence of variable hillslope–channel coupling imposed by the glacial legacy on channel form. Our objective is to better understand the relation between hillslope–channel coupling and stream character within glaciated basins. We find that the glacial legacy on landscape structure is characterized by relatively large spatial variation in hillslope–channel coupling. Spatial differences in coupling influence the frequency and magnitude of coarse sediment and woody material delivery to the channel network. Analyses using a model for channel gradient and multiple models for width and depth show that hillslope–channel coupling and high wood loading induce deviations from standard downstream predictions for all three variables in the study basins. Examination of model residuals using Boosted Regression Trees and nine additional channel variables indicates that ~10 to ~40% of residual variance can be explained by logjam variables, ~15–40% by the degree of hillslope–channel coupling, and 10–20% by proximity to slope failures. These results indicate that channel classification systems incorporating hillslope–channel coupling, and, indirectly, the catchment glacial legacy, may present a more complete understanding of mountain channels. From these results, we propose a conceptual framework which describes the linkages between landscape history, hillslope–channel coupling, and channel form. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Beschreibung: It has become increasingly evident that many organisms rely on microbial symbionts for defense against natural enemies, but the ecological importance of defensive symbionts for natural communities still needs to be investigated. A well-known example is Hamiltonella defensa , a heritable endosymbiotic bacterium commonly found in aphids. Laboratory experiments have shown that H. defensa strongly protects aphids against parasitic wasps (parasitoids), although this protection is not equally effective against different species of parasitoids, or even different genotypes of the same species. These results suggest that H. defensa plays an important role in reducing aphid mortality by parasitoids and presumably affects the community composition of parasitoids relying on aphids as a resource. However, there is little evidence that this is indeed the case under natural conditions. We tested this in a field experiment with black bean aphids ( Aphis fabae ) by setting up replicated field plots with genetically identical aphids that did or did not harbor H. defensa and following their colonization by natural enemies over a growing season. We observed a clear reduction in parasitism of symbiont-protected aphids, particularly by the parasitoids posing the highest risk. However, protected aphids did not develop larger populations than unprotected ones, possibly reflecting the balancing effect of costs associated with harboring H. defensa . We also observed shifts in the parasitoid species composition on aphids protected by H. defensa , showing that defensive symbionts have the potential to alter the diversity and structure of food webs, with likely consequences for their function and stability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Beschreibung: The scombrids (Family Scombridae), commonly known as tunas, bonitos, Spanish mackerels, and mackerels, play an important role as predators and prey in coastal and oceanic marine ecosystems, and sustain some of the most important fisheries in the world. Knowledge of their basic biology and life history traits, such as growth, age, and maturity, is fundamental to sustainably manage these species, and maintain their critical role in marine ecosystems. Given the economic and social importance of their fisheries in many regions throughout the world, numerous life history studies have been conducted in the last century. Despite efforts to create global repositories of life history parameters, e.g., FishBase, many life history studies remain scattered and not readily accessible. Here, we compiled 667 life history studies published between 1933 and 2012 describing the growth, age, and reproductive biology of the 51 species of scombrids distributed around the world and create a standardized life history data set including maximum size, longevity, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season and frequency, and egg size information. We created this data set to promote the best use of the existing life history information and with the intention of providing a data resource suitable to test large-scale ecological hypotheses on life history strategies and life history evolution, as well as support the management and conservation of this important group of commercially exploited species. We envisage the large repository of standardized life history data compiled will make this endeavor more effective and robust by providing a valuable resource that can help address many research questions.

Beschreibung: ABSTRACT Distinct modes of cell migration contribute to diverse types of cell movements. The mesenchymal mode is characterized by a multistep cycle of membrane protrusion, the formation of focal adhesion, and the stabilization at the leading edge associated with the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and with regulated extracellular proteolysis. Both α 2 -Macroglobulin (α 2 M) and its receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), play important roles in inflammatory processes, by controlling the extracellular activity of several proteases. The binding of the active form of α 2 M (α 2 M*) to LRP1 can also activate different signaling pathways in macrophages, thus inducing extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and cellular proliferation. In the present study, we investigated whether the α 2 M*/LRP1 interaction induces cellular migration of the macrophage-derived cell line, Raw264.7. By using the wound-scratch migration assay and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that α 2 M* induces LRP1-mediated mesenchymal cellular migration. This migration exhibits the production of enlarged cellular protrusions, MT1-MMP distribution to these leading edge protrusions, actin polymerization, focal adhesion formation, and increased intracellular LRP1/β1-integrin colocalization. Moreover, the presence of calphostin-C blocked the α 2 M*-stimulated cellular protrusions, suggesting that the PKC activation is involved in the cellular motility of Raw264.7 cells. These findings could constitute a therapeutic target for inflammatory processes with deleterious consequences for human health, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved