ALBERT

Description: If more widely deployed, small-scale cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in Europe. Of the two main commercially available technologies—the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the micro Gas Turbine (mGT)—the ICE dominates the market due to its higher electrical efficiency. However, by transforming the mGT into a micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT), the electrical efficiency of this cycle can increase, thus enhancing its operational flexibility. This paper presents an in-depth policy and economic assessment of the the ICE, mGT and mHAT technologies for dwellings based in Spain, France and Belgium. The hourly demands of average households, the market conditions and the subsidies applicable in each region are considered. The aim is twofold: to evaluate the profitability of the technologies and to assess the cogeneration policies in place. The results show that only the ICE in Brussels is economically viable, despite all units providing positive energy savings in all locations (except mHAT in Spain). Of the three different green certificate schemes offered in Belgium, Brussels is the one leading to the best outcome. Spain awards both capital and operational helps, although auto-consumption is not valued. The same applies to the complex French feed-in tariff. Conclusively, with the current policies, investing in small-scale cogeneration is in general not attractive and its potential efficiency gains remain unveiled.

Description: Thermal loading can induce mechanical stresses in the windings of electrical machines, especially those impregnated with epoxy resins, which is mostly the case in modern traction motors. Although designers look for cooling techniques that give better performance in terms of the power density and efficiency of the machine, several thermal cycles can lead to fatigue and the degradation of the copper insulation, epoxy and consequently the windings. In this paper, the performance of different cooling techniques has been compared based on the temperature distribution and the mechanical stress induced in the windings. Three-dimensional finite element thermo-mechanical models were built to perform the study. Two different variants of water jacket cooling, two configurations of direct coil cooling and two cases of combined water jacket and direct coil cooling methods have been considered in the paper. The results show that the combined water jacket and direct coil cooling perform the best in terms of the temperature and also the mechanical stress induced in the windings. An experimental set-up is built and tested to validate the numerical results.