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  • English  (11)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Methane pyrolysis experiments using a quartz glass-steel bubble column reactor filled with liquid tin and cylindrical quartz glass rings serving as a packed bed were conducted at various liquid metal temperature levels in the range of 930–1175 °C. Besides the liquid metal temperature, special attention was paid to the influence of the feed gas volume flow rate in the range of 50–200 mln/min and the inlet feed gas dilution with nitrogen. Increasing liquid metal temperatures resulted in increasing hydrogen yields, leading to a maximum hydrogen yield of 78% at 1175 °C and 50 mln/min methane volume flow rate. Within all experimental runs, less than 1.5 mol-% intermediate products were detected in the product gas. The produced carbon appeared as a powder consisting of flake shaped agglomerations in the size range of 15–20 μm, wherein the particle size varied from 40 nm to 100 nm. During the experiments, the produced carbon was completely separated and accumulated at the top surface of the liquid metal. Only minor quantities were transported with the off gas stream. Within the liquid metal inventory, a thin carbon layer of about 10 μm, probably partly showing the formation of nanotubes, in the hot reaction zone, had been deposited on the quartz glass reactor wall.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Energy Transition towards a low-carbon emission energy system has been a long-term strategy for Germany and China. Both countries are expected to take the lead on the global effort to achieve clean energy and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Although Germany and China have different characteristics, international-level strategic cooperation is essential for meeting the goals of both local and global energy transition. However, until now, no comparable research for energy transition in Germany and China exists in a peer-reviewed journal. In order to close this knowledge gap, a critical review was conducted and then some recommendations were proposed. First of all, after reviewing the background, milestones, current situation and challenges, we found infrastructure, policy instruments and market reform played the key roles in the transition process in Germany and China. While nuclear power and coal are likely to be abandoned in Germany, China has more ambition beyond the power sector and to reach self-sufficiency. As the two countries chosen different concepts and pathways to achieve their transition targets, there is great opportunity for them to take the lessons from each other. Germany and China need cooperation at multi-levels varies from politic, economic, scientific to public. Then, recommendations are presented on how to further foster cooperation and enable an energy transition.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    In:  IASS Fact Sheet
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The use of fossil hydrocarbons in the energy and transport sectors is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. It also ties our society to ever dwindling reserves. Synthetic fuels could play a crucial role in establishing a carbon neutral energy supply.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Indicators are an essential component of national strategies and policies relating to energy transition and regulation. Both China and Germany are expected to take the lead on the global effort to achieve clean energy and a reduction in GHG emissions. A better understanding of the institutional environment in both countries will guide those who follow them. By using text analysis, we have examined the main energy indicators used in official strategies and policies and divided them into ten categories. We have found that both countries value renewable energy as a solution to energy transition, although in China “non-fossil energy” appears more often in political documents, and “nuclear energy” is valued as an important source. In Germany, short-, medium- and long-term indicators are clearly stated and are consistent over time and between documents. Meanwhile, in China the indicators and targets are updated every five years, which fits with the rapid domestic development of the country but fails to provide a clear long-term vision. We argue that the roots of such differences can be found in governance systems, the global energy market, and national political and economic priorities, and that international cooperation is needed to standardize energy indicators so that the global energy transition can be navigated more effectively.
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Thermal cracking of methane into carbon and hydrogen is considered as potential hydrogen production technology without direct CO2-emissions. In this work, a novel methane-cracking process based on a liquid-metal technology is analyzed using life cycle assessment to evaluate the process' environmental impacts. Based on lab-scale experimental data, the novel methane-cracking process is benchmarked against the existing hydrogen production routes: steam reforming and water electrolysis. We consider the following environmental impact categories: global warming, fossil depletion, metal depletion, and particulate matter formation. According to our analysis, the methane-cracking process can reduce the global warming impact by up to 64% compared to steam reforming. However, the fossil depletion impact is higher for the methane-cracking process due to the higher methane input. The fossil depletion impact can be reduced by utilizing the energy of co-produced carbon to increase process efficiency at the expense of additional CO2-emissions. Methane supply to the process and electricity demand for H2-separation were identified as crucial parameters for the process’ environmental impacts. Thus, we perform parameter studies on alternatives for supply of methane and electricity to identify locations where lowest environmental impacts can be achieved.
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-11-02
    Description: China’s concept of “ecological civilization” can be understood as a new system of development and governance based on the perspective of political decision-making. Environmental management, ecological restoration, and green development are its primary principles—distinctly different from industrial and agricultural-oriented civilizations. In this paper, we evaluate the evolution of political connotations of the ecological civilization concept in China over the past 15 years through a textual analysis approach. Additionally, we systematically outline an ecological civilization indicator system and analyze its evolutionary process, applicable scales, and role in guiding the implementation of the ecological civilization concept. Eco-civilization demonstration sites and experiences are also discussed, followed by a review of academic research and policy-making responses. Finally, we propose different perspectives on the outlook for the future of ecological civilization development in China.
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: This paper analyses the transmission efficiency characteristics for two long-distance superconducting transmission designs developed at the IASS and at EPRI as a function of the load factor for capacities up to 10 GW, and in comparison with established transmission technologies. The focus of this study is the planned expansion of the HVDC transmission system in Germany, which is aimed at achieving the current CO2 reduction goals by integrating an increased share of intermittent renewable energy into the grid. The results can be readily extended to other scenarios and can provide complementary information for decision processes directed at planning a sustainable future grid.
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    In:  IASS Fact Sheet
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The global demand for energy is growing. According to estimates by the International Energy Agency, world energy consumption is set to rise by a third between 2010 and 2035. Concentrated solar power technologies allow us to produce clean energy on a large scale.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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