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  • 1
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    Diurnal cycle of precipitation along the Himalayan foothills: Climate simulations vs. reanalyses vs. observations (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-26
    Description: The interplay of the Indian Monsoon and the Himalayas is vital to many climatological aspects of the Himalayan foothill and foreland regions. A unique climate feature in the Himalayan foothill and foreland regions is a bi-modal diurnal cycle of precipitation with high rainfall amounts in the afternoon and around midnight. The reason for this nighttime precipitation maximum is not yet fully understood, and current climate models and also reanalyses do not represent the regions’ diurnal precipitation cycle. Nevertheless, estimating realistic spatiotemporal precipitation patterns is crucial for the climate community (e.g., for impact modelling). This study reviews discussions in the literature, available observational findings, and simulation results with the regional climate models (RCM) COSMO-CLM & ICON_CLM. Our simulations indicate that the models are not able to recover the nighttime’s precipitation behaviour with currently typical horizontal RCM grid-spacings (e.g., 10 or 50 km), but they can do so with convection-permitting grid-spacing (~3 km), which sufficiently resolves the relevant and diverse orographic thermal winds together with the moist monsoonal flow characteristics in the area.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 2
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    Ice cliff ablation rates from hourly to daily time scales: a case study from Machoi glacier, western Himalayas (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: The debris cover anomaly refers to the tendency of debris-covered glaciers to show similar ablation rates as of clean ice glaciers at the same elevation despite the insulating effect of debris. Mainly, the supraglacial ice cliffs and water bodies contribute to this comparable phenomenon. Ice cliffs contribute significantly to the mass loss and resultant runoff from the glaciers. Very little is known about the ice cliff ablation rates in the Himalayan region in very short time-scales. . In this study, we scanned an ice cliff (~ 10m x 3m x 13m) on Machoi Glacier during a three-day field visit to Machoi Glacier (34.290N, 75.527E) using a FARO 350S+ Lidar scanner. We scanned the ice cliff multiple times to capture changes on hourly and daily scales. The scanner obtained a very precise and high-resolution point cloud of the ice cliff. We subsequently applied the M3C2 approach to determine the difference between the two point clouds obtained at two different time epochs. We find that the ice cliff melt varies between 0.17cm/hr and 1.97cm/hr peaking at 15.00 hours (local time, IST). On a daily scale, the ice cliff melted at a rate of 11 cm/day (0.46 cm/hr), which is tenfold more than other debris-covered areas of Machoi Glacier at the same altitude, highlighting the insulating effect. In the scenario of regional and global warming these ice cliffs tend to increase in size (or exposure) and numbers. Our results highlights that they significantly contribute to local glacier melting in very short time intervals.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Coastal Challenges: Mainstreaming Climate Action in the G20 Development Agenda (2020)
    Global Solutions Initiative Foundation
    In:  G20 Insights: Policy Briefs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This policy brief explores and provides a holistic view of the existing practices, issues, and opportunities for a sustainable coastal management initiative among the G20 member countries. Specifically, it highlights coastal disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies, along with the financial implications of public investment on the need of a proper assessment of the social return of adaptation projects, and on the avoided fiscal deadweight loss. The brief also discusses the importance of funding for development projects to reach mitigation targets and the need for an evaluation framework to improve the efficiency of these adaptation efforts. The policy brief suggests establishing an initiative within the G20 to address disaster risk reduction (G20- DRR) by providing a decision support system as well as a centralized dissemination platform for quality-controlled, transparent national climate impact assessments by fostering global collaboration between institutions, researchers, and experts.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 4
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    The International Seabed – the Common Heritage of Mankind: Recommendations for future governance by the International Seabed Authority (2018)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Current efforts at the International Seabed Authority to develop regulations pertaining to the exploitation of deep seabed minerals would benefit from a moment of reflection on the future governance of these resources. As the Area and its resources have been declared a common heritage of mankind, this principle must be taken into account when designing the future governance of activities in the Area.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 5
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    A “Deadline” Expires: Quo Vadis, International Seabed Authority? (2023)
    Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS)
    In:  RIFS Discussion Paper
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: In mid-2021, the Republic of Nauru invoked a treaty provision at the International Seabed Authority known as the “two-year rule”. This effectively imposed a deadline on the Council of the International Seabed Authority to complete the elaboration and adoption of regulations for the exploitation of seabed minerals in the international seabed Area by 9 July 2023. Come 10 July 2023, the Authority would be presented with a new legal situation, whereby applications for mining activities may be submitted despite the absence of applicable regulations. There remain many outstanding matters in the negotiations and, considering that the regulations for exploitation must be adopted by consensus at the Council, it would appear that there is still a long and winding road ahead before an agreement is reached among member states – if this is at all possible. In light of this, the Council clearly needs to discuss what would occur if an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploitation activities happens to be submitted in the absence of applicable regulations. While the open legal questions that arise from the invocation of the two-year rule and upon the expiration of the deadline have been analysed elsewhere, this discussion paper examines the new political reality that the Authority finds itself in following the expiry of the deadline on 9 July 2023. Building on previous work by the author, this discussion paper attempts to underscore what is at stake at the Authority and explores how member states should approach this situation.
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    "What if" revisited: Open legal questions in light of the two-year rule at the ISA (2023)
    Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS)
    In:  RIFS Discussion Paper
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The invocation of a treaty provision known as the "two-year rule" at the International Seabed Authority effectively placed a deadline on the Authority to complete the adoption of regulations for exploitation activities within two years, i.e. by 9 July 2023. However, it is not a hard "deadline" and it is likely that the Authority might miss this deadline. In recent months, the member states of the Authority have commenced discussions on what would happen if the deadline is missed (or the "what if scenario"). It follows that missing the deadline will give rise to a host of open legal questions. Building on previous work, this discussion paper attempts to provide some insights and possible interpretations to answer some of those questions.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 7
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    Seabed mining: Negotiating the fate of the common heritage of humankind (2022)
    In:  IASS Blog, 21.03.2022
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: From 21 March to 1 April 2022 governments will continue negotiations of international regulations for deep seabed at the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Scientists from IASS will attend the 27th Session of the ISA Council as part of research on environmental standards for deep seabed mining.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Germany calls for precautionary pause on deep sea mining (2022)
    In:  IASS Blog, 07.11.2022
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    A comprehensive approach to the payment mechanism for deep seabed mining (2021)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is presently developing regulations (the “Mining Code”) to govern the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources of the international seabed (or “Area”). Whilst the financial mechanism is a critical component of this Mining Code, its development has been delegated to the Open-Ended Ad Hoc Working Group of the Council. These informal discussions have prioritized a model that gives preference to enabling mining over delivering fair compensation for the loss of resources. This policy brief argues that a fundamentally different and comprehensive approach is required and outlines some of its key components.
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14 (2020)
    In:  Life Below Water: Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals | Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
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