ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: Role of Fluids in Rock Deformation --- N. L. Carter, A. K. Kronenberg, J. V. Ross, and D. V. Wiltschko: Control of fluids on deformation of rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.01 --- Richard H. Sibson: Conditions for fault-valve behaviour / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:15-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.02 --- James P. Evans: Textures, deformation mechanisms, and the role of fluids in the cataclastic deformation of granitic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:29-39, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.03 --- Fracture and Faulting --- Susan M. Agar: Fracture evolution in the upper ocean crust: evidence from DSDP hole 504B / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:41-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.04 --- Martin Casey and Gilles Wust: The calculation of bulk rheologies of structured materials and its application to brittle failure in shear / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:51-55, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.05 --- S. J. D. Cox and L. Paterson: Damage development during rupture of heterogeneous brittle materials: a numerical study / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:57-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.06 --- S. J. D. Cox: Velocity-dependent friction in a large direct shear experiment on gabbro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.07 --- Susan J. Hippler and Robert J. Knipe: The evolution of cataclastic fault rocks from a pre-existing mylonite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:71-79, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.08 --- Ian G. Main, Philip G. Meredith, Peter R. Sammonds, and Colin Jones: Influence of fractal flaw distributions on rock deformation in the brittle field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:81-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.09 --- G. Zulauf, G. Kleinschmidt, and O. Oncken: Brittle deformation and graphitic cataclasites in the pilot research well KTB-VB (Oberpfalz, FRG) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:97-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.10 --- Iain S. Stewart and Paul L. Hancock: Brecciation and fracturing within neotectonic normal fault zones in the Aegean region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:105-110, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.11 --- Teng-Fong Wong: Mechanical compaction and the brittle—ductile transition in porous sandstones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:111-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.12 --- Instabilities and Localization --- Russell K. Davies and Raymond C. Fletcher: Shear bands in a plastic layer at yield under combined shortening and shear: a model for the fault array in a duplex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:123-131, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.13 --- H. W. Green II and P. C. Burnley: The failure mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:133-141, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.14 --- B. E. Hobbs, H.-B. Mühlhaus, and A. Ord: Instability, softening and localization of deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:143-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.15 --- Eva M. Klaper: Reaction-enhanced formation of eclogite-facies shear zones in granulite-facies anorthosites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:167-173, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.16 --- David L. Olgaard: The role of second phase in localizing deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:175-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.17 --- A. Ord: Mechanical controls on dilatant shear zones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:183-192, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.18 --- E. Carrio-Schaffhauser, S. Raynaud, H. J. Latière, and F. Mazerolle: Propagation and localization of stylolites in limestones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:193-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.19 --- Flow Mechanisms and Flow Laws --- R. C. M. W. Franssen and C. J. Spiers: Deformation of polycrystalline salt in compression and in shear at 250–350°C / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:201-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.20 --- C. J. Spiers, P. M. T. M. Schutjens, R. H. Brzesowsky, C. J. Peach, J. L. Liezenberg, and H. J. Zwart: Experimental determination of constitutive parameters governing creep of rocksalt by pressure solution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:215-227, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.21 --- Jane A. Gilotti and Joseph M. Hull: Phenomenological superplasticity in rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:229-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.22 --- Martin Burkhard: Ductile deformation mechanisms in micritic limestones naturally deformed at low temperatures (150–350°C) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:241-257, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.23 --- A. N. Walker, E. H. Rutter, and K. H. Brodie: Experimental study of grain-size sensitive flow of synthetic, hot-pressed calcite rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:259-284, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.24 --- J. H. P. De Bresser and C. J. Spiers: High-temperature deformation of calcite single crystals by r+ and f+ slip / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:285-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.25 --- M. S. Paterson and F. C. Luan: Quartzite rheology under geological conditions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:299-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.26 --- David J. Prior, Robert J. Knipe, and Mark R. Handy: Estimates of the rates of microstructural changes in mylonites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:309-319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.27 --- Werner Skrotzki: Microstructure in hornblende of a mylonitic amphibolite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:321-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.28 --- Joseph Clancy White: Albite deformation within a basal ophiolite shear zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:327-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.29 --- Rock Fabrics --- R.D. Law: Crystallographic fabrics: a selective review of their applications to research in structural geology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:335-352, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.30 --- M. W. Jessell and G. S. Lister: A simulation of the temperature dependence of quartz fabrics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:353-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.31 --- Jin-Han Ree: High temperature deformation of octachloropropane: dynamic grain growth and lattice reorientation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:363-368, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.32 --- Niels Ø. Olesen and Niels-Henrik Schmidt: The SEM/ECP technique applied on twinned quartz crystals / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:369-373, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.33 --- H. Schaeben, H. Siemes, S. Höfler, and G. Will: Practical application of entropy optimization in quantitative texture analysis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:375-381, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.34 --- Deformation of Weak Sediments --- Daniel E. Karig: Experimental and observational constraints on the mechanical behaviour in the toes of accretionary prisms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:383-398, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.35 --- N. A. Yassir: The undrained shear behaviour of fine-grained sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:399-404, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.36 --- P.A.R. Nell: Deformation in an accretionary melange, Alexander Island, Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:405-416, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.37 --- Kevin T. Pickering, Susan M. Agar, and David J. Prior: Vein structur

Note: Composition and Dynamics of the Solar Wind PlasmaThe Configuration of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field -- Scattering and Scintillations of Discrete Radio Sources as a Measure of the Interplanetary Plasma Irregularities -- Galactic Cosmic Ray Modulation by the Interplanetary Medium (Including the Problem of the Outer Boundary) -- Low-Energy Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Space -- Energetic Solar Particles in the Interplanetary Medium -- Discontinuities and Shock Waves in the Interplanetary Medium and Their Interaction with the Magnetosphere -- Interaction of the Solar Wind with the Moon..

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