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  • 1
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    Experimental methods with cotton. III. Sulphuric acid treatment of cotton seed, and its effects on germination, development and yield (1947)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1947-10-01
    Description: 1. For experimental purposes the treatment of cotton seed with sulphuric acid, prior to planting, has always been the custom at Barberton. In view of the doubts about the benefits of this treatment which were expressed by Christidis (1936), experiments were carried out at Barberton in the 1938–9 and 1939–40 seasons, to provide concrete proof, if possible, of the advantages which it was believed resulted from it.2. A series of stand counts made soon after germination revealed definite benefits with acid treatment, in all experiments in both seasons. The seedlings emerged considerably earlier than those from untreated seeds, and the stands recorded at the final counts revealed a significant advantage for acid-treated seed, throughout the experiments. The second season's experiments gave a greater advantage for acid treating when meteorological conditions were bad than when they were good, but the advantage even with ideal weather was still significant. The benefit of acid treatment was shown to be greater, too, with poor samples of seed than with good, and with the smaller seed rate than with the greater.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    Experimental methods with cotton. IV. A study of the effects of gap-filling on the development and yield of cotton plants in poor stands of hand planted cotton (1947)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1947-10-01
    Description: 1. Experience raised doubts as to the usefulness of filling gaps in bad stands of cotton at Barberton and experiments were conducted in two seasons to measure its effectiveness. The experiments gave clear-cut results.2. Randomized gaps ranging from 20 to 40% of the stand were filled and left open for comparison, the filling being done 13 and 19 days after planting.3. Any reduction in stand, though reducing yield per acre, led to large and significant increases in yield per plant, even when the spacing was 3 by 3 ft., wider than that normally used on the Station.4. Replanting the gaps in a bad stand did not lead to any increase in yield per acre; there were, in fact, indications that this practice actually reduced yield per acre, the refills preventing plants of the original sowing from benefiting fully from the extra space available to them in a bad stand.5. The general conclusion is that no useful purpose is served by refilling the gaps in poor stands of cotton with up to 40% of gaps.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    The control of manganese deficiency in soils: I. The effects of sulphur and thiosulphates on crops growing on manganese-deficient soils (1948)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1948-07-01
    Description: SUMMARY1. Pot and field experiments were made to compare the effects of thiosulphates and sulphur on the incidence of manganese deficiency in oat, beet and pea grown in two manganese-deficient soils.2. The addition of sodium or calcium thiosulphate to oat plants growing in a manganese-deficient fen soil in boxes markedly reduced symptoms of ‘grey speck’ and increased the soluble manganese content in the leaf tissues, but the effect was transient.3. The growth of beet in this soil in clay pots was improved by the addition of thiosulphates, and also by painting the exterior of the pots with bitumen paint or by covering the surface of the soil with a thin layer of sand. The thiosulphate treatments increased the manganese uptake by the plants and reduced the symptoms of manganese deficiency, particularly when applied to pots painted with bitumen paint.4. Field experiments with an old garden soil deficient in manganese showed that thiosulphate treatments increased the manganese uptake of beet. Placement treatments were more effective than broadcast treatments and greatly improved the growth of beet and reduced or eliminated manganese-deficiency symptoms, without producing any change in soil pH.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    The Broadlaw “Granite” (1947)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1947-06-01
    Description: The Broadlaw “Granite” is one of the small granitic intrusions of Caledonian age found in the eastern part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is situated on the north-west flank of Broadlaw in the Moorfoot Hills, three miles south-west of Middleton House.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    The effect of borax dressings on the growth and yield of field beans (Vicia Faba L.) (1945)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1945-04-01
    Description: 1. Dressings of 12–100 lb. borax per acre resulted in marked temporary ‘yellowing’ of bean seedlings. Dressings of 25 lb. or more depressed the stand and reduced the yield.2. Determinations were made to ascertain the distribution of boron within the treated plants and to measure the uptake of boron from the soil. The relevant figures are quoted in the text.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    Recent developments in the design of field experiments: III. Fractional replication (1946)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1946-07-01
    Description: When a factorial experiment involves many factors each of which is tested at two levels, economy of space and material may be effected by using only a fraction of a complete replicate of all possible combinations of levels of the factors. The consequence is that each main effect and each interaction has one or more aliases, and the experiment cannot distinguish which member of a set of aliases is responsible for an observed difference in yields. For less than five factors, this feature prevents fractional replicate designs from being much use; for five or more factors, the fraction can be so chosen that main effects and two-factor interactions have only higher order interactions as their aliases, and the possibility that these are important may often be ignored. Within the fraction of a replicate chosen for an experiment, confounding of interactions may be introduced in order to reduce the block size.Designs likely to be useful in field experiments are those for six factors in four blocks of eight, for seven factors in eight blocks of eight, and for eight factors in eight blocks of sixteen or in sixteen blocks of eight; in the first of these a two-factor interaction is amongst those confounded, but elsewhere all main effects and two-factor interactions are unconfounded. The method of construction of the blocks, for these designs and those involving more factors, has been described, and an example of the statistical analysis of experimental results (which presents no special difficulties) has been given.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Studies on the fats of the bacon pig with reference to carcass quality. The relation between growth rate and chemical composition of pig depot fat (1945)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1945-01-01
    Description: Consideration of the composition of pig depot fats from the point of view of Callow's growth-rate theory (Callow, 1935a,b), shows that the theory appears to explain the iodine values of fats both of groups of animals and of depots of an individual pig. When, however, the fatty acid compositions of the fats are considered, the theory is untenable in respect of the depots of an individual pig. Differences in unsaturation between outer back fat, inner back fat, and perinephric fat are essentially determined by differences in the ratio of oleic acid to stearic acid, differences in linoleic acid content being inconsiderable.It can equally be shown that the growth-rate theory does not explain the results obtained by Hilditch & Pedelty (1941) for depot fats of sheep. Differences between different depots both of the pig and of the sheep seem to be characteristic of the species and cannot readily be altered by altering either the quantity or the quality of the diet.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    Induced bolting and anthesis in sugar beet and the effect of selection of physiological types (1946)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1946-07-01
    Description: 1. The effect of low-temperature and continuous-light treatment of seedlings of certain sugar beet strains in the isolation of distinct physiological types is described. The progenies of individual plants and bulk samples of different anthesis dates show some difference in the proportions of early and late plants, when these progenies are similarly exposed to low temperatures and continuous light in the seedling.2. Different treatments of progenies in relation to light treatment in the seedling stage result in distinct behaviour with regard to anthesis date and the number of plants reaching the stage of anthesis.3. The comparative resistance to bolting from a field sowing of seed obtained from plants which ripened seed after continuous light treatment of the seedlings is noted. This was so in spite of the fact that only 66% of the plants had reached anthesis as a result of the treatment, and the seed was obtained from the most rapidly bolting plants.4. Light and low temperature exposure of seedlings is effective in two different strains for isolating bolting-resistant types as measured directly from the seed of these bolting-resistant plants and selected progenies from these plants. Differences in the field germination and establishment from very early sowings were discernible in the progenies.
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  • 9
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    A comparison of some methods of supplying calcium to intensively kept chicks (1946)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1946-07-01
    Description: 1. An experiment was performed to compare some methods of supplying calcium to intensively kept chickens.2. The calcium content of a mash was adjusted to contain low (0·13%), normal (1·16%) and high (2·14%) amounts, and each of these mashes was fed to groups of chicks having access to: (a) no grit, (b) flint grit alone, (c) limestone grit alone, (d) both flint and limestone grit.3. The addition of flint grit significantly improved the efficiency of food utilization on all diets, whether limestone grit was provided or not.4. On all three mashes the total amount of calcium grit consumed was greater in the presence of flint grit than when it was fed alone.5. As the level of calcium in the diet increased, the amount of limestone grit consumed decreased, whether it was fed alone or in the presence of flint grit.6. The best results, judged on a live-weight basis, were obtained when the normal calcium mash was fed with flint grit alone, followed by the low calcium mash with both flint and limestone grit, followed by the normal calcium mash with no grit.7. On the basis of the efficiency of food utilization, the low calcium diet with flint and limestone grit was best followed by the normal calcium diet with flint grit alone.8. Access to limestone grit reduced the efficiency of food utilization in all but the low calcium diet.
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  • 10
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    The effects of the addition to soil of alginic acid and of other forms of organic matter on soil aeration (1947)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1947-07-01
    Description: 1. A manometric technique for the assessment of soil aeration, described in a preceding paper by Webley (1947), has been used for comparing the effects of the incorporation into soil of alginic acid (as the ion) and other organic materials on soil airwater relationships. Some of the shortcomings of the technique, as well as its advantages are described.2. The addition of sodium alginate to a soil improves its crumb stability and its water-holding power. It is shown that the addition of 0-1 g. sodium alginate to 100 g. of the air-dried standard soil used in this work has a gross effect equivalent to an increase in the water-holding power of soil of 11%. The effect of the alginate rapidly increases to a maximum with increase of the concentration of the alginate. The incorporation of the relatively insoluble calcium alginate has but little effect on the soil airwater relationship. It is suggested that alginate confers hydrophilic properties on soil by its combination as an ion with one or more constituents of the soil particle, thereby presenting new surfaces with high water-holding powers.3. Incorporation into soil of cellulose acetate, methyl cellulose or of carboxymethyl cellulose improves its water-air relationships.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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