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Electron mobility enhancement in (100) oxygen-inserted silicon channel (2015)

Nuo Xu, Hideki Takeuchi, Marek Hytha, Nyles W. Cody, Robert J. Stephenson, Byungil Kwak, Seon Yong Cha, Robert J. Mears and Tsu-Jae King Liu

American Institute of Physics (AIP)

In: Applied Physics Letters

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-09-22

Beschreibung: High performance improvement (+88% in peak G m and 〉30% in linear and saturation region drain currents) was observed for N-MOSFETs with Oxygen-Inserted (OI) Si channel. From TCAD analysis of the C-V measurement data, the improvement was confirmed to be due to electron mobility enhancement of the OI Si channel (+75% at N inv = 4.0 × 10 12 cm −2 and +25% at N inv = 8.0 × 10 12 cm −2 ). Raman and high-resolution Rutherford backscattering measurements confirmed that negligible strain is induced in the OI Si layer, and hence, it cannot be used to explain the origin of mobility improvement. Poisson-Schrödinger based quantum mechanical simulation was performed, taking into account phonon, surface roughness and Coulomb scatterings. The OI layer was modeled as a “quasi barrier” region with reference to the Si conduction band edge to confine inversion electrons. Simulation explains the measured electron mobility enhancement as the confinement effect of inversion electrons while the formation of an super-steep retrograde well doping profile in the channel (as a result of dopant diffusion blocking effect accompanied by introduction of the OI layer) also contributes 50%–60% of the mobility improvement.

Print ISSN: 0003-6951

Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118

Thema: Physik

Publiziert von American Institute of Physics (AIP)

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Band structure of germanium carbides for direct bandgap silicon photonics (2016)

C. A. Stephenson, W. A. O'Brien, M. W. Penninger, W. F. Schneider, M. Gillett-Kunnath, J. Zajicek, K. M. Yu, R. Kudrawiec, R. A. Stillwell and M. A. Wistey

American Institute of Physics (AIP)

In: Journal of Applied Physics

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-06

Beschreibung: Compact optical interconnects require efficient lasers and modulators compatible with silicon. Ab initio modeling of Ge 1−x C x (x = 0.78%) using density functional theory with HSE06 hybrid functionals predicts a splitting of the conduction band at Γ and a strongly direct bandgap, consistent with band anticrossing. Photoreflectance of Ge 0.998 C 0.002 shows a bandgap reduction supporting these results. Growth of Ge 0.998 C 0.002 using tetrakis(germyl)methane as the C source shows no signs of C-C bonds, C clusters, or extended defects, suggesting highly substitutional incorporation of C. Optical gain and modulation are predicted to rival III–V materials due to a larger electron population in the direct valley, reduced intervalley scattering, suppressed Auger recombination, and increased overlap integral for a stronger fundamental optical transition.

Print ISSN: 0021-8979

Digitale ISSN: 1089-7550

Thema: Physik

Publiziert von American Institute of Physics (AIP)

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Geoscience and decarbonization: current status and future directions (2019)

Stephenson MH, Ringrose P, Geiger S, et al.

Geological Society of London

In: Petroleum Geoscience

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉At the 2015 United Nations International Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21), 197 national parties committed to limit global warming to well below 2°C. But current plans and pace of progress are still far from sufficient to achieve this objective. Here we review the role that geoscience and the subsurface could play in decarbonizing electricity production, industry, transport and heating to meet UK and international climate change targets, based on contributions to the 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting held at the Geological Society of London. Technologies discussed at the meeting involved decarbonization of electricity production via renewable sources of power generation, substitution of domestic heating using geothermal energy, use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), and more ambitious technologies such as bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) that target negative emissions. It was noted also that growth in renewable energy supply will lead to increased demand for geological materials to sustain the electrification of the vehicle fleet and other low-carbon technologies. The overall conclusion reached at the 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting was that geoscience is critical to decarbonization, but that the geoscience community must influence decision-makers so that the value of the subsurface to decarbonization is understood.〈/span〉

Print ISSN: 1354-0793

Digitale ISSN: 2041-496X

Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Geological Society of London

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Quantifying the contribution of recessive coding variation to developmental disorders (2018)

Martin, H. C., Jones, W. D., McIntyre, R., Sanchez-Andrade, G., Sanderson, M., Stephenson, J. D., Jones, C. P., Handsaker, J., Gallone, G., Bruntraeger, M., McRae, J. F., Prigmore, E., Short, P., Niemi, M., Kaplanis, J., Radford, E. J., Akawi, N., Balasub

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2018

Beschreibung: 〈p〉We estimated the genome-wide contribution of recessive coding variation in 6040 families from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. The proportion of cases attributable to recessive coding variants was 3.6% in patients of European ancestry, compared with 50% explained by de novo coding mutations. It was higher (31%) in patients with Pakistani ancestry, owing to elevated autozygosity. Half of this recessive burden is attributable to known genes. We identified two genes not previously associated with recessive developmental disorders, 〈i〉KDM5B〈/i〉 and 〈i〉EIF3F〈/i〉, and functionally validated them with mouse and cellular models. Our results suggest that recessive coding variants account for a small fraction of currently undiagnosed nonconsanguineous individuals, and that the role of noncoding variants, incomplete penetrance, and polygenic mechanisms need further exploration.〈/p〉

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Hierarchical interlocked orthogonal faulting in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence (2019)

Ross, Z. E., Idini, B., Jia, Z., Stephenson, O. L., Zhong, M., Wang, X., Zhan, Z., Simons, M., Fielding, E. J., Yun, S.-H., Hauksson, E., Moore, A. W., Liu, Z., Jung, J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: 〈p〉 A nearly 20-year hiatus in major seismic activity in southern California ended on 4 July 2019 with a sequence of intersecting earthquakes near the city of Ridgecrest, California. This sequence included a foreshock with a moment magnitude (〈i〉M〈/i〉〈sub〉w〈/sub〉) of 6.4 followed by a 〈i〉M〈/i〉〈sub〉w〈/sub〉 7.1 mainshock nearly 34 hours later. Geodetic, seismic, and seismicity data provided an integrative view of this sequence, which ruptured an unmapped multiscale network of interlaced orthogonal faults. This complex fault geometry persists over the entire seismogenic depth range. The rupture of the mainshock terminated only a few kilometers from the major regional Garlock fault, triggering shallow creep and a substantial earthquake swarm. The repeated occurrence of multifault ruptures, as revealed by modern instrumentation and analysis techniques, poses a formidable challenge in quantifying regional seismic hazards.〈/p〉

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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A liquid jet setup for x-ray scattering experiments on complex liquids at free-electron laser sources (2016)

I. Steinke, M. Walther, F. Lehmkühler, P. Wochner, J. Valerio, R. Mager, M. A. Schroer, S. Lee, W. Roseker, A. Jain, M. Sikorski, S. Song, R. Hartmann, M. Huth, L. Strüder, M. Sprung, A. Robert, P. H. Fuoss, G. B. Stephenson and G. Grübel

American Institute of Physics (AIP)

In: Review of Scientific Instruments

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-18

Beschreibung: In this paper we describe a setup for x-ray scattering experiments on complex fluids using a liquid jet. The setup supports Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS) geometries. The jet is formed by a gas-dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) allowing for diameters ranging between 1 μ m and 20 μ m at a jet length of several hundred μ m. To control jet properties such as jet length, diameter, or flow rate, the instrument is equipped with several diagnostic tools. Three microscopes are installed to quantify jet dimensions and stability in situ . The setup has been used at several beamlines performing both SAXS and WAXS experiments. As a typical example we show an experiment on a colloidal dispersion in a liquid jet at the X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser.

Print ISSN: 0034-6748

Digitale ISSN: 1089-7623

Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik

Publiziert von American Institute of Physics (AIP)

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On the primary and secondary petroleum generating characteristics of the Bowland Shale, northern England (2016)

Yang, S., Horsfield, B., Mahlstedt, N., Stephenson, M., Konitzer, S.

Geological Society of London

In: Journal of the Geological Society

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-02

Beschreibung: The Carboniferous Bowland Shale of northern England has drawn considerable attention because it has been estimated to have 1329 trillion cubic feet hydrocarbons in-place (gas and liquids) resource potential (Andrews 2013). Here we report on the oil and gas generation characteristics of three selected Bowland Shale whole-rock samples taken from cores and their respective kerogen concentrates. Compositional kinetics and phase properties of the primary and secondary fluids were calculated through the PhaseKinetics and GOR-Fit approaches and PVT modelling software. The three Bowland Shale samples contain immature, marine type II kerogen. Pyrolysate compositions imply primary generation of paraffinic–naphthenic–aromatic (PNA) oil with low contents of wax and sulphur. Bulk kinetic parameters have many similarities to those of productive American Palaeozoic marine shale plays. The secondary gas generation potential of Bowland Shale is greater than the primary gas potential although it requires a 10 kcal mol –1 higher activation energy to achieve peak production. Primary oil, primary gas and secondary gas reach their maximum generation at 137, 150 and 200°C respectively for a 3°C Ma –1 heating rate. Different driving forces of expulsion including the generation of hydrocarbon and overpressure caused by phase separation during sequential periods of subsidence and uplift could be inferred.

Print ISSN: 0016-7649

Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Geological Society of London

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Geoscience and decarbonisation: current status and future directions (2019)

Stephenson MH, Ringrose P, Geiger S, et al.

Geological Society of London

In: Petroleum Geoscience

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉At the 2015 United Nations international climate change conference in Paris (COP21), 197 national parties committed to limit global warming to well below 2°C. But current plans and pace of progress are still far from sufficient to achieve this objective. Here we review the role that geoscience and the subsurface could play in decarbonising electricity production, industry, transport, and heating, to meet UK and international climate change targets, based on contributions to the 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting held at the Geological Society of London. Technologies discussed at the meeting involved decarbonisation of electricity production via renewable sources of power generation, substitution of domestic heating using geothermal energy, use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), and more ambitious technologies such as bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) that target negative emissions. It was noted also that growth in renewable energy supply will lead to increased demand for geological materials to sustain the electrification of the vehicle fleet and other low-carbon technologies. The overall conclusion reached at the 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting was that geoscience is critical to decarbonisation, but that the geoscience community must influence decision makers so that the value of the subsurface to decarbonisation is understood.〈/span〉

Print ISSN: 1354-0793

Digitale ISSN: 2041-496X

Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie

Publiziert von Geological Society of London

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A new case of kleptoplasty in animals: Marine flatworms steal functional plastids from diatoms (2019)

Van Steenkiste, N. W. L., Stephenson, I., Herranz, M., Husnik, F., Keeling, P. J., Leander, B. S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publikationsdatum: 2019

Beschreibung: 〈p〉To date, sea slugs have been considered the only animals known to sequester functional algal plastids into their own cells, via a process called "kleptoplasty." We report here, however, that endosymbionts in the marine flatworms 〈i〉Baicalellia solaris〈/i〉 and 〈i〉Pogaina paranygulgus〈/i〉 are isolated plastids stolen from diatoms. Ultrastructural data show that kleptoplasts are located within flatworm cells, while algal nuclei and other organelles are absent. Transcriptomic analysis and 〈i〉rbcL〈/i〉 amplicons confirm the absence of algal nuclear mRNA and reveal that the plastids originate from different species of diatoms. Laboratory experiments demonstrated photosynthetic activity and short-term retention of kleptoplasts in starved worms. This lineage of flatworms represents the first known case of functional kleptoplasty involving diatoms and only the second known case of kleptoplasty across the entire tree of animals.〈/p〉

Digitale ISSN: 2375-2548

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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