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  • Articles  (85)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (85)
  • Chemistry  (77)
  • game playing  (4)
  • indole-3-butyric acid  (4)
  • Female
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning Game-Specific Spatially-Oriented Heuristics (1998)
    Springer
    Constraints 3 (1998), S. 239-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9354
    Keywords: machine learning ; game playing ; spatial cognition ; extensible architectures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an architecture that begins with enough general knowledge to play any board game as a novice, and then shifts its decision-making emphasis to learned, game-specific, spatially-oriented heuristics. From its playing experience, it acquires game-specific knowledge about both patterns and spatial concepts. The latter are proceduralized as learned, spatially-oriented heuristics. These heuristics represent a new level of feature aggregation that effectively focuses the program's attention. While training against an external expert, the program integrates these heuristics robustly. After training it exhibits both a new emphasis on spatially-oriented play and the ability to respond to novel situations in a spatially-oriented manner. This significantly improves performance against a variety of opponents. In addition, we address the issue of context on pattern learning. The procedures described here move toward learning spatially-oriented heuristics for autonomous programs in other spatial domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009734028965
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of memory and concepts in learning (1992)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 2 (1992), S. 239-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Representation ; cognitive architecture ; concepts ; machine learning ; game playing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which concepts, memory, and planning are necessary to the simulation of intelligent behavior is a fundamental philosophical issue in Artificial Intelligence. An active and productive segement of the AI community has taken the position that multiple low-level agents, properly organized, can account for high-level behavior. Empirical research on these questions with fully operational systems has been restricted to mobile robots that do simple tasks. This paper recounts experiments with Hoyle, a system in a cerebral, rather than a physical, domain. The program learns to perform well and quickly, often outpacing its human creators at two-person, perfect information board games. Hoyle demonstrates that a surprising amount of intelligent behavior can be treated as if it were situation-determined, that often planning is unnecessary, and that the memory required to support this learning is minimal. Concepts, however, are crucial to this reactive program's ability to learn and perform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02454222
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward an Ideal Trainer (1994)
    Springer
    Machine learning 15 (1994), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: training ; competition ; game playing ; reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the nature of the opposition during training affects learning to play two-person, perfect information board games. It considers different kinds of competitive training, the impact of trainer error, appropriate metrics for post-training performance measurement, and the ways those metrics can be applied. The results suggest that teaching a program by leading it repeatedly through the same restricted paths, albeit high quality ones, is overly narrow preparation for the variations that appear in real-world experience. The results also demonstrate that variety introduced into training by random choice is unreliable preparation, and that a program that directs its own training may overlook important situations. The results argue for a broad variety of training experience with play at many levels. This variety may either be inherent in the game or introduced deliberately into the training. Lesson and practice training, a blend of expert guidance and knowledge-based, self-directed elaboration, is shown to be particularly effective for learning during competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022637925775
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward an ideal trainer (1994)
    Springer
    Machine learning 15 (1994), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: training ; competition ; game playing ; reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper demonstrates how the nature of the opposition during training affects learning to play two-person, perfect information board games. It considers different kinds of competitive training, the impact of trainer error, appropriate metrics for post-training performance measurement, and the ways those metrics can be applied. The results suggest that teaching a program by leading it repeatedly through the same restricted paths, albeit high quality ones, is overly narrow preparation for the variations that appear in real-world experience. The results also demonstrate that variety introduced into training by random choice is unreliable preparation, and that a program that directs its own training may overlook important situations. The results argue for a broad variety of training experience with play at many levels. This variety may either be inherent in the game or introduced deliberately into the training. Lesson and practice training, a blend of expert guidance and knowledge-based, self-directed elaboration, is shown to be particularly effective for learning during competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993346
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport and metabolism of indole-3-butyric acid in cuttings of Leucadendron discolor (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-butyric acid ; IBA-aspartic acid ; IBA-glucose ; protea ; rooting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) greatly enhanced the rooting of an early-flowering variety of protea, Leucadendron discolor, but had very little effect on a late-flowering variety. IBA transport and metabolism were studied in both varieties after incubating the cuttings in 3H-IBA. More of the radio-label was transported to the leaves of the easy-to-root variety than the difficult-to-root (35–45% and 10%, respectively). IBA was metabolized rapidly by the cuttings of both varieties and after 24 h most of the label was in the new metabolite. However, free IBA (about 10%) was present in the cuttings during the whole period up to the time of root emergence (4 weeks). More free IBA was accumulated in the base of easy-to-root cuttings, while in the difficult-to-root variety most of the IBA was found in the leaves. The metabolite was identified tentatively as an ester conjugate with a glucose. It is possible that IBA-glucose serves as a source for free IBA, and the difference between the varieties is a consequence of the free IBA which is released, transported and accumulated in the site of a root formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144577
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indole-3-butyric acid in Arabidopsis thaliana III. In vivo biosynthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; IBA biosynthesis ; indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-butyric acid ; α-naphthylacetic acid ; phenylacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was identified by HPLC and GC-MS as one of the reaction products after incubation of sterile cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with labeled indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This is the first demonstration of IBA biosynthesis in a dicotyledonous plant. After 1 h of incubation most of the IBA was found in the free form, while after longer periods of incubation most of it was detected in conjugated forms. Formation of IBA conjugates was inhibited by the addition of unlabeled IBA. The biosynthesis of IBA and its conjugates was followed throughout the development of the seedlings and at different pH values. All parts of the plant (isolated roots, leaves, shoots and flowers) were able to convert IAA to IBA to the same extent. IAA was more readily transported than IBA in mature Arabidopsis plants. Feeding of labeled phenylacetic acid (PAA) and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) to Arabidopsis seedlings resulted in a new small peak which was hydrolyzed by 7N NaOH, but the formation of compounds with longer side chains (analogous to IBA) could not be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024135
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indole-3-butyric acid in Arabidopsis thaliana (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; autofluorography ; auxin conjugates ; IBA-glucose synthase ; indole-3-butyric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was metabolized by seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana cultivated in liquid medium under sterile conditions to two major metabolites. One metabolite was hydrolyzed by 1 N NaOH and β-glucosidase and was tentatively identified as IBA-glucose and the other was hydrolyzed by 7 N NaOH and amidase and was identified as an amide-linked conjugate. IBA-glucose synthase activity was found in a soluble enzyme fraction after incubation of 3H-IBA, IBA and UDP-glucose. The labelled reaction product had an Rf value comparable to IBA glucose and stained positive with Ehmann reagent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024261
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indole-3-butyric acid in Arabidopsis thaliana (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; auxin conjugates ; ethylene ; indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-butyric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was identified by HPLC and GC-MS as an endogenous compound in plantlets of the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. A. thaliana was cultivated under sterile conditions as shaking culture in different liquid media with and without supply of hormones. Free and total IBA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were determined at different stages of development during the culture period as well as in culture media of different initial pH values. The results showed that IAA was present in higher concentrations than IBA, but both hormones seemed to show the same behaviour under the different experimental conditions. Differences were found in the mode of conjugation of the two hormones. While IAA was mostly conjugated via amide bonds, the main IBA conjugates were ester bound. The ethylene concentration derived from the seedlings, when they were grown in flasks of different size, seemed not to influence the auxin content in the same cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024260
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of cooperative ligand-lattice binding: Fast Monte Carlo integration (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 543-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A fast Monte Carlo integration algorithm with varying time step is described for cooperative binding of ligands of arbitrary length to a one-dimensional lattice. This algorithm is particularly suitable for strongly cooperative or anticooperative systems, i.e., when the time scales for different kinetic events are very different. As an application, the kinetics of a bimodal two-ligand system are briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360290309
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on interaction between poly(L-lysine) and DNA of varied G + C contents (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 2401-2415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interaction between polylysine and DNA's of varied G + C contents was studied using thermal denaturation and circular dichroism (CD). For each complex there is one melting band at a lower temperature tm, corresponding to the helix-coil transition of free base pairs, and another band at a higher temperature t′m, corresponding to the transition of polylysine-bound base pairs. For free base pairs, with natural DNA's and poly(dA-dT) a linear relation is observed between the tm and the G + C content of the particular DNA used. This is not true with poly(dG)·poly(dC), which has a tm about 20°C lower than the extrapolated value for DNA of 100% G + C. For polylysine-bound base pairs, a linear relation is also observed between the t′m and the G + C content of natural DNA's but neither poly(dA-dT) nor poly(dG)·poly(dC) complexes follow this relationship. The dependence of melting temperature on composition, expressed as dtm/dXG·C, where XG·C is the fraction of G·C pairs, is 60°C for free base pairs and only 21°C for polylysine-bound base pairs. This reduction in compositional dependence of Tm is similar to that observed for pure DNA in high ionic strength. Although the t′m of polylysine-poly(dA-dT) is 9°C lower than the extrapolated value for 0% G + C in EDTA buffer, it is independent of ionic strength in the medium and is equal to the tm0 extrapolated from the linear plot of tm against log Na+. There is also a noticeable similarity in the CD spectra of polylysine· and polyarginine·DNA complexes, except for complexes with poly(dA-dT). The calculated CD spectrum of polylysine-bound poly(dA-dT) is substantially different from that of polyarginine-bound poly(dA-dT).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1975.360141113
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