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  • Articles  (147)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (147)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (147)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amino acids can be identified unambiguously in form of their dansylated methyl esters by combination of thin-layer chromatography on polyamide and subsequent mass spectrometry without prior substance elution from the chromatographic polyamide carrier. The evaporation intensity of the amino acid derivatives is sufficient to get excellent mass spectra with significant structural information also with very small amounts of starting material (picomole level), which guarantee a high separation power in the TLC step. Besides the methylester derivatives, in part, products additionally methyl substituted at the sulfonamide nitrogen could be separated.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0887-6134
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The simple combination of thin-layer chromatography on polyamide with subsequent mass spectrometry of the separated compounds together with the carrier material has been employed for unambiguous identification of individual dipeptides in a mixture. The dipeptides were analysed in the form of their dansyl methyl ester derivatives. The appearance of molecular ions in the electron impact mass spectra simultaneously with the ions dans-NH=CHR⌝+ indicating the corresponding N-terminal amino acid residue enables a rapid and sensitive structure elucidation of the dipeptides. The chromatography and mass spectrometry can be performed with 0.2-0.3 nmol dipeptide.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-Rupture Testing of Tubing under Superimposed Steam Corrosion Attack. Experimental Set-Up, Method, and Results of Incoloy Alloy 800 Tube Long-Time Testing. A special experimental set-up was built for long-time stress-rupture testing of tubing under biaxial stresses and superimposed steam corrosion attack. The principles of its construction and the applied testing method, but also the results of Incoloy Alloy 800 thin wall tube testing at constant load, pressurized with argon or steam, are described.At 650 and 700 °C the mechanical properties (strength, ductility) were not influenced by the superimposed corrosion attack. The increase in surface and bulk oxidation, varying with the stress level, is explained by the influence of creep rate and the state of surface oxidation at the time of exposure when the tertiary creep is beginning to be effective.
    Notes: Zur Messung der Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohrmaterial bei dreiachsiger Beanspruchung und überlagerter Heißdampf-Korrosion wurde ein eigener Prüfstand erstellt. Es werden die Prinzipien seines Aufbaues und der angewandten Prüfmethode sowie die Ergebnisse von Zeitstand Untersuchungen an dünnwandigen Rohren der Legierung Incoloy 800 in Argon und überhitztem Wasserdampf beschrieben.Sie zeigen, daß bei 650 und 700 °C die Festigkeit und die Dehnung dieser Legierung durch den oxidativen Angriff nicht verändert werden. Die verstärkte Korrosion wird hinsichtlich ihres unterschiedlichen Ausmaßes und Oxidwachstums durch den Einfluß der Kriechgeschwindigkeit und des Oxidationszustandes der Oberfläche zum Zeitpunkt des Einsetzens des tertiären Abschnittes der Kriechkurve erklärt.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-Rupture Testing under Superimposed Steam Corrosion.Extent and Morphology of Stress-Assisted Surface and Bulk Oxidation of Incoloy Alloy 800 Thin Wall Tubing.Continuing long-time stress-rupture testing under biaxial stresses and superimposed steam corrosion of Incoloy Alloy 800 thin wall tubing, the extent and morphology of stress-assisted additional surface and bulk oxidation was evaluated by quantitative metallography. This paper describes the stress-assisted additional corrosion as function of tangential stress or corresponding rupture-life, creep strain, and creep rate. The results are presented and explained on the basis of surface and bulk penetrating oxide morphology.
    Notes: In Fortführung der Zeitstanduntersuchungen bei überlagerter Heißdampf-Korrosion von dünnwandigen Rohrkapseln der Legierung Incoloy 800 (Werkstoff Nr. 1.4876) wurde das Ausmaß und die Erscheinungsform der spannungsbedingt verstärkten Oberflächen- und Gefüge-Oxidation durch eine Methode der quantitativen Metallographie einer besonderen Überprüfung unterworfen.Die Arbeit gibt die gemessene Korrosionssteigerung in Abhängigkeit von Tangentialspannung resp. Standzeit, Kriechdehnung und Kriechgeschwindigkeit wieder. Die Ergebnisse werden auf der Basis des Erscheinungsbildes der korrodierten metallischen Oberfläche und des oxidativ durchdrungenen Gefüges dargestellt und gedeutet.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 545-554 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hard and wear resistant coatings for the moulding and embossing of glasses at elevated temperaturesHard and wear resistant coatings of Titanium Aluminium Nitride TiAlN were deposited on various substrates by the application of different reactive deposition processes: RF-magnetron-sputtering, ion beam-sputtering and by the energetic cluster impact (ECI) process. The deposition of the coatings was performed under variation of biasing conditions and of process parameters such as pressures and flow rates of the process gases argon and nitrogen as well as of energies of species hitting the substrate surfaces. The microstructure particularly the growth morphology of several films was investigated by pictures of film cross sections recorded by transmission electron microscopy. Residual intrinsic film stresses were analyzed by measuring deflections of substrates in an interference optical microscope before and after the deposition of the coatings. By heating coated substrates and in-situ observation of deflections at elevated temperatures dependencies of thermally induced stresses on temperatures and variations of intrinsic stresses due to changes within the films could be analyzed and related to microstructure and growth conditions. In the paper specific characteristics of the deposition processes occuring on the scale both of atoms and of clusters which may contain several thousand of atoms are described and related to microstructure, residual stress states and damaging conditions. Different contributions to residual film stresses are analyzed on the base of theoretical considerations taking into account deposition kinetics and thermomecanical properties. The significance of achieved film properties for application, i. e. for the coating of tools for the manufacturing of optical components by moulding and embossing of glasses is discussed.
    Notes: In reaktiven Beschichtungsverfahren wurden dünne Schichten aus dem ternären System Titan-Aluminiumnitirid, TiAlN, auf verschiedenen Substratmaterialien unter Variation der Abscheidebedingung abgeschieden. Angewendet wurden das Hochfrequenz-Magnetron-Sputterverfahren, das Ionenstrahlzerstäuben und die Abscheidung energetischer Cluster im ECI-Verfahren (energetic cluster impact). Variiert wurden Parameter wie Partialdrücke und Flüsse der Prozeßgase Argon und stickstoff sowie Energien der auf das Substrat auftreffenden und an der Schichtbildung beteiligten Partikel. Zur Analyse von Mikrostruktur und Schichtmorphologie wurden Querschnittspräparate von Schichtproben mit dem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht. Durch Vermessung der Verwölbung von Substraten vor und nach dem Beschichten wurden Schichteigenspannungen mittels Interferenzmikroskopie ermittelt. Durch Anwendung dieser Methode auch bei höheren Temperaturen konnten Abhängigkeiten thermisch induzierter Eigenspannungen von der Temperature direkt beobachtet und Veränderungen der intrinsischen Schichteigenspannung mit Vorgängen in der Schicht in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. In dem Beitrag werden charakteristische Bedingungen der verschiedenen auf atomarer Ebene ablaufenden Abscheideprozesse untersucht und im Zusammenhang mit Schichtmikrostruktur und Schichteigenspannungen diskutiert. Einbezogen in die Diskussion werden Beispiele aus der Anwendung beschichteter Werkzeuge für die Herstellung von optischen Komponenten aus Gläsern durch Press- und Prägeformgebung.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: High Temperature Fatigue of the Precipitation Hardened Alloy AlCuMnZr (2219) - A Study of the MicrostructureThe creep resistant alloy AlCuMnZr (age-hardened) was subjected to simultaneous fatigue and annealing (at 300°C). This condition (high temperature fatigue) is often found under operational conditions, e.g. in cylinder heads. The material was then studied by means of mechanical testing (hardness measurements) and optical and electron microscopy. It is shown by microscopy that the microstructure is inhomogeneous: Band-like regions are formed in which the phase transformation Θ′ → Θ has occurred. Coarsening of the precipitates is somewhat accelerated in the matrix due to fatigue. The results will be discussed on grounds of the literature and the existing theories.
    Notes: Die warmfeste Legierung AlCuMnZr (voll ausgehärtet) wird gleichzeitig einer Dauerschwingbelastung sowie einer Temperaturerhöhung (300 °C) unterworfen. Diese Beanspruchungskombination (Hochtemperatur-Ermüdung) tritt in der Praxis vielfach auf, u.a. in Zylinder-köpfen. Der Werkstoff wird anschließend mechanisch (Härtemessungen) sowie licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Mikroskopie erhellt die ausgeprägte Inhomogenität des Verformungsgefüges, das aus schmalen bänderförmigen Bereichen besteht, in denen die Phasentransformation Θ′ → Θ stattgefunden hat. Diese Bänder umschließen das Θ′-gehärtete Grundgefüge. In letzterem hat die Ermüdung das Teilchenwachstum im Vergleich zu einer Auslagerung ohne Belastung etwas beschleunigt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Lichte der vorhandenen Literatur und Theorien diskutiert.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Exhaust gas emissions ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ; Dilution tunnel ; Langmuir adsorption model ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the diluted exhaust gas of diesel vehicles. Sampling is done by drawing off proportional streams from the dilution tunnel. The particulates deposited on filters are sublimed, and the sublimate is purified and prefractionated on silica gel. Further separation and quantitative determination of the PAH is performed by two dimensional TLC in conjunction with In situ fluorescence spectrometry. Results of theoretical considerations and experimental data on the distribution of the emitted PAH between particulate matter and the corresponding gas phase in diluted exhaust are presented. A modified Langmuir adsorption model is used to explain the effects of dilution ratio and sample temperature in the dilution tunnel. Comparison of the emission values for PAH obtained from diluted and undiluted exhaust shows good agreement. Furthermore, the PAH contents of the exhaust gas of several diesel-engined cars are also compared for various driving cycles.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: cyanines ; hyper-Rayleigh scattering ; nonlinear optics ; second-order polarizability ; triazines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The second-order polarizabilities β( -  2ω; ω, ω) of six nondipolar NLO chromophores - 1,3,5-tris(isopropyl-amino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (1), 1,3,5-tris(isopropylamino)-2,4,6-tris(trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)benzene (2), tris(dimethyl-imoniomethyl)methide diperchlorate (3), 2,4,6-tris[4-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl-ethynyl]-1,3,5-triazine (4), 2,4,6-tris[4-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine (5), and tris(2-dimethylaminoethenyl)-methinium perchlorate (6) - were studied by polarized hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS). The NLO activity of these two-dimensional NLO chromophores is attributed to three-level contributions to the β values, for which different optimization strategies are investigated. Exceptionally large second-order polarizabilities were observed for the conjugationally elongated structures: the β value of triazine 4 is 15 times larger than that of the one-dimensional two-level chromophore 4-nitroaniline. Results obtained with the polarized HRS experiment are discussed with respect to local field corrections, calibration, and systematic sources of error.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2781-2785 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Rearrangements ; Ireland-Claisen reaction ; Nerol ; Odoriferous substances ; Terpenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (2Z,6E)-3,6-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol (6) was synthesized by Steglich esterification of (2E)-2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol (tiglic alcohol, 7) with 3-methylbut-2-en-1-oic acid (senecioic acid, 8), followed by selective Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of the resulting ester 9 at 0°C and subsequent Cope rearrangement of the product at 140°C. A standard LAH reduction in the last step of the synthetic sequence transformed the α,β-unsaturated acid 12 into the target molecule 6, a constitutional isomer of nerol (5) with interesting olfactory properties.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 245 (1940), S. 334-340 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der thermische Abbau des Hexamminchrom(III)-bromides führt unter den eingehaltenen Versuchsbedingungen nicht quantitativ zum Chrom(III)-bromid. Unter teilweiser Reduktion verläuft die Zersetzung etwa nach folgendem Bruttoschema: 10 [Cr(NH3)6]Br3 → 52 NH3 + N2 + 6 NH4Br + 4 CrBr3 + 6 CrBr3. Aus dem Abbaurückstand (4 CrBr3 + 6 CrBr2) läßt sich das Chromobromid mit Äther extrahieren, wobei dieser entsprechend den früheren Beobachtungen unter Bildung von CrBr2OC2H5 gespalten wird. Das Dibromchromäthylat wurde als Ammoniakkomplex [CrBr2OC2H6 · 3 NH3] identifiziert.
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