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  • Articles  (42)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (42)
  • 2000-2004  (18)
  • 1965-1969  (21)
  • 1950-1954  (3)
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  • Articles  (42)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition and nanocrystallization in reactively sputtered amorphous Ta–Si–N thin films (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 1986-1991 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nanocrystallization process of reactively sputtered thin amorphous Ta–Si–N films is investigated by anomalous small angle x-ray scattering (ASAXS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Changes in the microstructure in Ta40Si14N46 films, density variations in the amorphous matrix, decomposition, formation, and growth of nanocrystals after vacuum anneals at different temperatures in the range between 800 and 1000 °C are observed and the results of the different techniques are compared. From a Fourier analysis of ASAXS intensities the nanostructure of the investigated ternary system is derived using a model of hard spheres according to Guinier and Fournet. ASAXS investigations indicate that the noncrystalline samples can be described by a monophase fit and the crystallized samples by a bimodal-phase fit, the latter results being consistent with XRD which identifies TaN and Ta5Si3 phases. Detailed analysis shows that TaN nanograins of approximately 2 nm size develop after a decomposition process. Larger grains of Ta5Si3 are observed in addition to the TaN grains if annealing is performed at temperatures higher than 950 °C. The aim of these investigations is to give a generally applicable explanation of the barrier failure mechanism for Ta–Si–N diffusion barriers, which is actually observed at temperatures below the crystallization temperature if the films are used in contact with Cu or Al. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1388173
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superspace formulation of general massive gauge theories and geometric interpretation of mass-dependent Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin symmetries (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 41 (2000), S. 7304-7332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: A superspace formulation is proposed for the osp(1,2)-covariant Lagrangian quantization of general massive gauge theories. The superalgebra osp(1,2) is considered as subalgebra of the superalgebra sl(1,2)∼osp(2,2) which may be considered as the algebra of generators of the conformal group in a superspace with two anticommuting coordinates. The mass-dependent (anti)Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin symmetries of proper solutions of the quantum master equations in the osp(1,2)-covariant formalism are realized in that superspace as invariance under translations combined with mass-dependent special conformal transformations. The Sp(2) symmetry—in particular the ghost number conservation—and the new ghost number conservation are realized in the superspace as invariance under symplectic rotations and dilatations, respectively. The new ghost number conservation is generally broken by the choice of a gauge. The transformations of the gauge fields and the full set of necessarily required (anti)ghost and auxiliary fields under the superalgebra sl(1,2) are determined both for irreducible and first-stage reducible theories with closed gauge algebra. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288496
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrode modification by electron-induced patterning of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 3323-3325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Self-assembled monolayers of ω-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-dodecyl thiol [CH3–C6H4-C6H4–(CH2)12–SH,BP12] on gold were patterned via exposure to 300 eV electrons. Subsequent copper deposition in an electrochemical cell revealed behavior opposite to that of electron beam patterned monolayers of alkanethiols. Whereas alkanethiols act as a positive resist and lead to copper deposition only on irradiated parts, the biphenyl based thiol acts as a negative resist. At the irradiated areas the layer exhibits blocking behavior and copper deposition is observed only on the nonirradiated parts. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415771
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanocrystallization of amorphous-Ta40Si14N46 diffusion barrier thin films (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3618-3620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nanocrystallization process in thin amorphous-Ta40Si14N46 films, annealed in the range between 800 and 1000 °C for 1 h, is investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field and energy-dispersive x-ray analyses. At 800 °C clusters of about 2 nm in size indicate that compositional inhomogeneities have developed while the film has still remained structurally amorphous. The sample annealed at 900 °C contains a high density of nanograins of TaN measuring about 2 nm as well as amorphous structures measuring 75–100 nm having a high tantalum content. After annealing at 1000 °C, an almost entirely crystalline structure is observed with 4-nm-sized particles of cubic TaN and 15-nm-sized grains of Ta5Si3. Possible mechanisms driving these structural changes are discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1377626
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FAT ABSORPTION AND THE EXPERIMENTAL BASIS OF ORAL FAT EMULSIONS (1952)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 56 (1952), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1952.tb30197.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    USE OF GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS IN LUNAR SURFACE ANALYSIS (1965)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 123 (1965), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20425.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BMP-2 mediates retinoid-induced apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells through a paracrine effect (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 9 (2003), S. 1033-1038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The mechanisms of retinoid activity in tumors remain largely unknown. Here we establish that retinoids cause extensive apoptosis of medulloblastoma cells. In a xenograft model, retinoids largely abrogated tumor growth. Using receptor-specific retinoid agonists, we defined a subset of mRNAs that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm904
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The march of self-reference (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 31 (2002), S. 1021-1042 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Focuses on the issue of increasing environmental and societal complexity, and its effects on the individual, especially visible in the increase of self-reference (the commonalities between man, animals and machines). Distinguishes three meanings of self-reference and discusses the interrelationships between self-reference, alienation, and growing societal complexity: states that, especially in the last few decades of this secular age, there has been increasing incidence of self-reference. Also discusses the relationship between self-reference, constructivism, and modern brain research. Asserts that the march of self-reference is likely to continue, but that it will change in character.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920210436318
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pockets of irrationality in an increasingly rational world: An effort to simplify unmanageable environmental over-complexity? (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 30 (2001), S. 1155-1178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The transition is described from the "mediated society" (Lachs) to the "network society" (Castells), caused by the increasingly rapid complexification of modern society. On the level of psychic systems, i.e. the individual's consciousness, the modern network society promotes new (non-Marxist and non-psychiatric) forms of powerlessness and meaningless. On the level of social systems, i.e. the system of communications in the network society, the results of this are described. The network society is only partially developed: in some areas more than others, in the economic and political more than in the cultural sphere. As an example, the present-day situation in Yugoslavia is discussed, as well as the chances for the emergence of world-wide minimum norms, both ecological and anti-genocide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920110405728
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Globalization and sustainability: the cynics, the romantics and the realists (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 32 (2003), S. 1235-1252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Based on an address given to the second international conference on sociocybernetics the author gives a personal view of globalization and sustainability. He discusses economy-driven, science-driven and tourism-driven globalization and gives a meaning to the term "sustainer", He gives examples of the "nastier aspects of globalization" and considers whether there is a realistic approach to globalization and sustainability problems. Deals from a sociocybernetic viewpoint with some of the challenges to be faced in the modern world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920310493233
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