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  • Articles  (7,395)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7,395)
  • 2000-2004  (1,399)
  • 1995-1999  (5,023)
  • 1950-1954  (507)
  • 1930-1934  (248)
  • 1925-1929  (218)
  • Geosciences  (4,765)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (2,623)
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  • Articles  (7,395)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Morphology of Block Copolymer Micelles in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by Small-Angle Neutron and X-ray Scattering (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 30 (1997), S. 690-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Above its critical point, carbon dioxide forms a super-critical fluid, which promises to be an environmentally responsible replacement for the organic solvents traditionally used in polymerizations. Many lipophilic polymers such as polystyrene (PS) are insoluble in CO2, though polymerizations may be accomplished via the use of PS-fluoropolymer stabilizers, which act as emulsifying agents. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering have been used to show that these molecules form micelles with a CO2-phobic PS core and a CO2-philic fluoropolymer corona. When the PS block was fixed in length and the fluorinated corona block was varied, the number of block copolymer molecules per micelle (six to seven) remained constant. Thus, the coronal block molecular weight exerts negligible influence on the aggregation number, in accordance with the theoretical predictions of Halperin, Tirrell & Lodge [Adv. Polym. Sci. (1992), 100, 31–46]. These observations are relevant to understanding the mechanisms of micellization and solubilization in supercritical fluids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889897002446
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The XMaS beamline at ESRF: instrumental developments and high-resolution diffraction studies (2001)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 8 (2001), S. 1172-1181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The beamline, which is situated on a bending magnet at ESRF, comprises a unique combination of instrumentation for high-resolution and magnetic single-crystal diffraction. White-beam operation is possible, as well as focused and unfocused monochromatic modes. In addition to an eleven-axis Huber diffractometer, which facilitates simple operation in both vertical and horizontal scattering geometries, there is an in-vacuum polarization analyser and slit system, mirrors for harmonic rejection, sub 4.2 K and 1 Tesla magnetic field sample environment, plus a diamond phase plate for polarization conditioning. The instrumentation developed specifically for this beamline is described, and its use illustrated by recent scientific results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049501015394
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design, synthesis and structure of non-macrocyclic inhibitors of FKBP12, the major binding protein for the immunosuppressant FK506 (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 51 (1995), S. 522-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We have synthesized a series of non-macrocyclic ligands to FKBP12 that are comparable in binding potency and peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPIase) inhibition to FK506 itself. We have also solved the structure of one of these ligands in complex with FKBP12, and have compared that structure to the FK506–FKBP12 complex. Consistent with the observed inhibitory equipotency of these compounds, we observe a strong similarity in the conformation of the two ligands in the region of the protein that mediates PPIase activity. Our compounds, however, are not immunosuppressive. In the FKBP12–FK506 complex, a significant portion of the FK506 ligand, its `effector domain', projects beyond the envelope of the binding protein in a manner that is suggestive of a potential interaction with a second protein, the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, whose inhibition by the FKBP 12–FK506 complex interrupts the T-cell activation events leading to immunosuppression. In contrast, our compounds bind within the surface envelope of FKBP12, and induce significant changes in the structure of the FKBP12 protein which may also affect calcineurin binding indirectly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444994014502
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Molecular Species in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) Observed with the Caltech Ssubmillimeter Observatory (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; composition ; radio observations ; spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present millimeter-wave observations of HNCO, HC3N, SO, NH2CHO, H13CN, and H3O+ in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)obtained in February–April, 1997 with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). HNCO, first detected at the CSO in comet C/1996B2 (Hyakutake), is securely confirmed in comet Hale-Bopp via observations of three rotational transitions. The derived abundance with respect to H2O is (4-13) × 10-4. HC3N, SO, and NH2CHO are detected for the first time in a comet. The fractional abundance of HC3N based on observations of three rotational lines is (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10-4. Four transitions of SO are detected and the derived fractional abundance, (2-8) ×10-3, is higher than the upper limits derived from UV observations of previous comets. Observations of NH2CHO imply a fractional abundance of (1-8) × 10-4. H3O is detected for the first time from the ground. The H13CN (3-2)transition is also detected and the derived HCN/H13CN abundance ratio is 90 ± 15, consistent with the terrestrial12C/13C ratio. In addition, a number of other molecular species are detected, including HNC, OCS, HCO+, CO+, and CN(the last two are first detections in a comet at radio wavelengths).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006281802554
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term Evolution of the Outgassing of Comet Hale-Bopp From Radio Observations (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 78 (1997), S. 5-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) ; radio observations ; molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) has been observed on a regular basis since August 1995 at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths using IRAM, JCMT, CSO and SEST radio telescopes. The production rates of eight molecular species (CO, HCN, CH3OH, H2CO,H2S, CS, CH3CN,HNC) have been monitored as a function of heliocentric distance(rh from 7 AU pre-perihelion to 4 AU post-perihelion. As comet Hale-Bopp approached and receded from the Sun, these species displayed different behaviours. Far from the Sun, the most volatile species were found in general relatively more abundant in the coma. In comparison to other species, HNC, H2CO and CS showed a much steeper increase of the production rate with decreasing rh. Less than 1.5 AU from the Sun, the relative abundances were fairly stable and approached those found in other comets near 1 AU. The kinetic temperature of the coma, estimated from the relative intensities of the CH3OH and CO lines, increased with decreasing rh, from about10 K at 7 AU to 110 K around perihelion. The expansion velocity of the gaseous species, derived from the line shapes, also increased with a law close torh 3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006229818484
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Emission From The Dust Coma Of Comet Hale-Bopp And The Composition Of The Silicate Grains (1997)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 79 (1997), S. 247-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comet Hale-Bopp ; infrared ; dust ; silicates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dust coma of comet Hale-Bopp was observed in the thermal infrared over a wide range in solar heating (R = 4.9–0.9 AU) and over the full wavelength range from 3 μm to 160 μm. Unusual early activity produced an extensive coma containing small warm refractory grains; already at 4.9 AU, the 10 μm silicate emission feature was strong and the color temperature was 30% above the equilibrium blackbody temperature. Near perihelion the high color temperature, strong silicate feature, and high albedo indicated a smaller mean grain size than in other comets. The 8–13 μm spectra revealed a silicate emission feature similar in shape to that seen in P/Halley and several new and long period comets. Detailed spectral structure in the feature was consistent over time and with different instruments; the main peaks occur at 9.3, 10.0 and 11.2 μm. These peaks can be identified with olivine and pyroxene minerals, linking the comet dust to the anhydrous chondritic aggregate interplanetary dust particles. Spectra at 16–40 μm taken with the ISO SWS displayed pronounced emission peaks due to Mg-rich crystalline olivine, consistent with the 11.2 μm peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006201820477
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system using a dynamic model: what do farmers want? (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. An effective fertilizer recommendation system requires information on seasonal, soil-related and cultural variations in soil mineral nitrogen (N) and nutrient requirements of the crop. This can be provided by dynamic N turnover models, such as listed by Plentinger & Penning De Vries (1996). In this paper, we describe a survey of farmer opinion designed to ascertain what farmers want from such a decision support system. Over 100 farmers were surveyed. Surveyed farmers requested that default values be available for all model inputs. Inputs should be entered both by windows-based menu (for clarity) and tabular format (for speed), have user-selected units, and be fully supported by context-sensitive help. The system should have a hierarchical structure allowing access to fixed parameters, and be compatible with commonly used farm recording packages. Recommendations should be provided both for the field (single and optional application rates), and in tabular format across the whole farm. Simulations should be easily rerun using more recent crop and weather data. Turnover processes underlying recommendations should be illustrated by flow diagrams of flux between pools, pie charts of fertilizer fate, bar charts of movement down the soil profile and graphical plots of changes in N status against time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00592.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ice-free cryo-cooling of protein crystals (1996)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 29 (1996), S. 469-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Modifications are described that eliminate ice build-up during data collection from cryo-cooled protein crystals using an RAXIS IIC imaging-plate system and its associated cool nitrogen gas stream apparatus (both supplied by Molecular Structure Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas, USA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895016347
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental and theoretical characterization of structure in thin disordered films (1999)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 178-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The electron microscope provides an ideal environment for the structural analysis of small volumes of amorphous and polycrystalline materials by enabling the collection of scattering information as a function of energy loss and momentum transfer. The scattered intensity at zero energy loss can be readily processed to a reduced density function, providing information on nearest-neighbour distances and bond angles. A method for collecting and processing the scattered intensity, which allows for the collection of an energy-loss spectrum for a range of momentum transfers, is discussed. A detailed structural determination from a reduced density function alone is difficult and it is shown that a more detailed structural model can be obtained by combining the experimental reduced density function with model structures obtained from molecular dynamics based on first-principles quantum mechanics. This method is applied to tetrahedral amorphous carbon, as an example of a monatomic network, and to aluminium nitride, as a prototype for a binary amorphous alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767398008769
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements and modelling of atmospheric pollution over the Paris area: an overview of the ESQUIF Project (2000)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 18 (2000), S. 1467-1481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Atmospheric composition and structure (pollution – urban and regional; troposphere – composition and chemistry) ; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The “Étude et Simulation de la QUalité de l’air en Ile de France” (ESQUIF) project is the first integrated project dedicated to the study of the processes leading to air pollution events over the Paris area. The project was carried out over two years (summer 1998 to winter 2000) to document all types of meteorological conditions favourable to air quality degradation, and in particular to photo oxydant formation. The goals of ESQUIF are (1) to improve our understanding of the relevant chemical and dynamical processes and, in turn, improve their parametrizations in numerical models, and (2) to improve and validate existing models dedicated to pollution analysis, scenarios and/or forecasting, by establishing a comprehensive and thorough database. We present the rationale of the ESQUIF project and we describe the experimental set-up. We also report on the first experiments which took place during the summer of 1998 involving surface networks, and remote sensing instruments as well as several aircraft. Focusing on three days of August 1998, the relative contributions of long-range transported and locally-produced ozone to the elevated ozone concentrations observed during this period are discussed and chemistry-transport model preliminary results on this period are compared to measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-1467-y
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