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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CW laser performance of Yb and Er,Yb doped tungstates (1997)
    Springer
    Applied physics 64 (1997), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 42.55 R; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Room temperature cw laser action of Yb3+-doped KY(WO4)2 and KGd(WO4)2 crystals at 1.025 μm and Er, Yb : KY(WO4)2 at 1.54 μm has been demonstrated under pumping by both Ti-sapphire laser and InGaAs laser diodes. A slope efficiency of Yb-lasers up to 78% has been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050191
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalization of an aging model (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 79 (1995), S. 483-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Biological aging ; Dauer state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Here we present generalizations of a recently proposed aging model to include several ages and the “Dauer” state. The results show that increasing the number of ages does not matter in one version of the model, but matters in another version, and that the Dauer state does provide a favorable mechanism for survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179400
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An advanced unified power flow controller (1996)
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 79 (1996), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Contents This paper describes the implementation of a new control approach for the Unified Poer Flow Controller (UPFC), which provides active filtering capabilities to this equipment, besides the functions of power flow control and voltage control, as originally proposed by L. Gyugyi [1,2]. The power circuit is made up from two PWM converters which share a common dc link without the need of dc power supplies. An integrated controller attends to both series and shunt converters of the UPFC. It is based on the theory of instantaneous active and reactive power defined in the α-β-0 reference frame [3,4]. A complete model of the new UPFC has been implemented in a digital simulator. Simulation results have confirmed that the new approach has higher performance than those UPFCs which use traditional definitions of powers in the controller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245883
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The International Measurement Evaluation Programme (IMEP) IMEP-6: "Trace elements in water" (1998)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 56-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Trace elements ; Water ; Intercomparison ; Comparability ; Traceability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The sixth round of the International Measurement Evaluation Programme (IMEP) is presented. The programme offers reference values, established by primary methods of measurement, against which participating laboratories can evaluate their performance. The degree of comparability is thus established against the most objective references available at present. In IMEP-6, reference values for total concentrations of 14 trace elements in a synthetic and a natural water were established mainly by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). For the majority of the measurands, results traceable to the international system of units (SI) and having expanded uncertainties, U (k=2), of 2% could be established. Measurements results from 165 field laboratories in 29 countries are evaluated and presented as descriptive (regional, national and intercontinental) pictures of the participants' self-declared degree of experience, status of accreditation, performance (including target values for uncertainty set by authorities) and instrumental methods used. The participants' use of certified reference materials and calibrants has been documented, and some comments on this matter are raised. The results and characteristics for IMEP-6 are compared with those of IMEP-3 (1991–1993) and discussed in view of the forthcoming IMEP-9 (1998).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050187
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the mouse lipopolysaccharide binding protein gene (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 553-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Lipopolysaccharide binding protein ; Chromosome mapping ; Mouse ; Transcription ; Microsatellite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050535
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cr(III)/Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles by extractive separation and thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 357 (1997), S. 1050-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method, using the formation of positive thermal ions, was developed for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) spike species, enriched in 53Cr, were applied for the isotope dilution step. After leaching of filter collected aerosol samples by an alkaline solution at pH 13, species separation was carried out by extraction with a liquid anion exchanger in methyl isobutyl ketone. Cr(VI) in the organic phase was re-extracted into an ammoniacal solution and chromium was then isolated from both fractions of species by electrodeposition. Detection limits of 30 pg/m3 for Cr(III) and of 8 pg/m3 for Cr(VI) were achieved in atmospheric aerosols for volumes of air samples of about 120 m3. These low detection limits allowed the determination of chromium species in continental aerosol particles in dependence on different seasons. The Cr(III) /Cr(VI) ratio was always found to be about 0.3 whereas dust from soil erosion, which is probably the primary source of chromium in the atmosphere, showed higher ratios. This indicates that chromium is oxidized in the atmosphere. The accuracy of the method was demonstrated in two interlaboratory comparisons of Cr(VI) determinations in welding dust samples. The IDMS method also contributed to the certification of a corresponding standard reference material organized by the Standard Reference Bureau of the European Union. Chromium speciation, including the determination of elemental chromium Cr(0), was carried out in aerosols of different welding processes for stainless steel. These analyses showed distinct differences in the distribution of chromium species in the welding process and can be used as an exact calibration method for routine methods in this important field of monitoring corresponding working places.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    To Professor Dr. Karlheinz Ballschmiter on his 60th birthday (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 359 (1997), S. 207-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050561
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    4th Symposium on Mass Spectrometric Methods for Element Trace Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 364 (1999), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051351
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of halogen species of humic substances using HPLC/ICP-MS coupling (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 359 (1997), S. 430-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A mass spectrometric method for the determination of chlorine, bromine and iodine species of humic substances (HS) has been developed by coupling a HPLC system with ICP-MS. Using size exclusion chromatography, the method was applied to the characterization of natural water samples (ground water, seepage water from soil, brown water) and a sewage water sample. Quantification of iodine/HS species was carried out by the on-line isotope dilution technique, which was not possible for bromine and chlorine species because of mass spectroscopic interferences by using a quadrupole ICP-MS. Characteristic fingerprints of the halogen/HS species, correlated with the corresponding UV chromatogram, were obtained dependent on the different origin of HS. Biological influences were indicated when following changes of the iodine/HS species composition by aging. The formation of iodine/HS species from inorganic iodide was investigated by labelling experiments with an 129I– spike solution, resulting in the finding that specific HS fractions are preferably iodinated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050604
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of ground water contaminations by landfills using precise boron isotope ratio measurements with negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 359 (1997), S. 375-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Precise boron isotope ratio measurements with negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry were used for the identification of ground water contaminations by leakages of landfills. BO- 2thermal ions were produced to determine the 11B/10B isotope ratio, which was expressed as δ11B value in ‰ normalized to the standard reference material NIST SRM 951. For example, household waste influences the boron isotope ratio by specific components such as washing powder. In the case of one investigated landfill low δ11B values correlate well with high boron concentrations in contaminated seepage water samples and vice versa for uncontaminated ground water samples. Possible boron contributions of rainwater were taken into account, determining a boron content of 2.3 μg/L and a δ11B value of 13.1‰ for a representative sample. Such low boron concentrations were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (detection limit 0.3 μg/L) whereas higher contents were also analyzed by a spectrophotometric method. However, different sources of contamination could only be identified by the isotope ratio and not by the concentration of boron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050590
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