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  • Articles  (57)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (57)
  • Annual Reviews  (57)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (46)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (11)
  • 2003  (46)
  • 1957  (11)
Collection
  • Articles  (57)
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Publisher
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (46)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (11)
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IN VIVO NMR STUDIES OF THE GLUTAMATE NEUROTRANSMITTER FLUX AND NEUROENERGETICS: Implications for Brain Function (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 65 (2003), S. 401-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Until very recently, non-invasive measurement of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the intact mammalian brain had not been possible. In this review, we describe some studies that have led to quantitative assessment of the glutamate-glutamine cycle (Vcyc), as well as other important metabolic fluxes (e.g., glucose oxidation, CMRglc(ox)), with 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo. These 13C MRS studies clearly demonstrate that glutamate released from presynaptic neurons is taken up by the astrocyte for subsequent glutamine synthesis. Contrary to the earlier concept of a small, metabolically inactive neurotransmitter pool, in vivo 13C MRS studies demonstrate that glutamate release and recycling is a major metabolic pathway that cannot be distinguished from its actions of neurotransmission. Furthermore, the in vivo 13C MRS studies demonstrate in the rat cerebral cortex that increases in Vcyc and neuronal CMRglc(ox) are linearly related with a close to 1:1 slope. Measurements in human cerebral cortex are in agreement with this result. This relationship is consistent with more than two thirds of the energy yielded by glucose oxidation being used to support events associated with glutamate neurotransmission, and it supports a molecular model of a stoichiometric coupling between glutamate neurotransmission and functional glucose oxidation. 13C MRS measurements of resting human cerebral cortex have found a high level of glutamate-glutamine cycling. This high resting neuronal activity, which is subtracted away in brain mapping studies by positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), has significant implications for the interpretations of functional imaging data. Here we review and discuss the importance of neurotransmission and neuroenergetics as measured by 13C MRS for understanding brain function and interpreting fMRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142131
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial Genetics (1957)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 11 (1957), S. 391-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.11.100157.002135
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STANLEY CORRSIN: 1920-1986 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161055
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STABILITY AND TRANSITION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 413-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The recent progress in three-dimensional boundary-layer stability and transition is reviewed. The material focuses on the crossflow instability that leads to transition on swept wings and rotating disks. Following a brief overview of instability mechanisms and the crossflow problem, a summary of the important findings of the 1990s is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161045
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE FLOW OF HUMAN CROWDS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 169-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modern study of a crowd as a flowing continuum is a recent development. Distinct from a classical fluid because of the property that a crowd has the capacity to think, interesting new physical ideas are involved in its study. An appealing property of a crowd in motion is that the nonlinear, time-dependent, simultaneous equations representing a crowd are conformably mappable. This property makes many interesting applications analytically tractable. In this review examples are given in which the theory has been used to provide possible assistance in the annual Muslim Hajj, to understand the Battle of Agincourt, and, surprisingly, to locate barriers that actually increase the flow of pedestrians above that when there are no barriers present. Modern developments may help prevent some of the approximately two thousand deaths that annually occur in accidents owing to crowding.The field of crowd motion, that is, the field of "thinking fluids," is an intriguing area of research with great promise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161136
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TEXTBOOK MULTIGRID EFFICIENCY FOR FLUID SIMULATIONS* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 317-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in achieving textbook multigrid efficiency for fluid simulations are presented. Textbook multigrid efficiency is defined as attaining the solution to the governing system of equations in a computational work that is a small multiple of the operation counts associated with discretizing the system. Strategies are reviewed to attain this efficiency by exploiting the factorizability properties inherent to a range of fluid simulations, including the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Factorizability is used to separate the elliptic and hyperbolic factors contributing to the target system; each of the factors can then be treated individually and optimally. Boundary regions and discontinuities are addressed with separate (local) treatments. New formulations and recent calculations demonstrating the attainment of textbook efficiency for aerodynamic simulations are shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUCLEIC ACID RECOGNITION BY OB-FOLD PROTEINS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 115-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The OB-fold domain is a compact structural motif frequently used for nucleic acid recognition. Structural comparison of all OB-fold/nucleic acid complexes solved to date confirms the low degree of sequence similarity among members of this family while highlighting several structural sequence determinants common to most of these OB-folds. Loops connecting the secondary structural elements in the OB-fold core are extremely variable in length and in functional detail. However, certain features of ligand binding are conserved among OB-fold complexes, including the location of the binding surface, the polarity of the nucleic acid with respect to the OB-fold, and particular nucleic acid-protein interactions commonly used for recognition of single-stranded and unusually structured nucleic acids. Intriguingly, the observation of shared nucleic acid polarity may shed light on the longstanding question concerning OB-fold origins, indicating that it is unlikely that members of this family arose via convergent evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEW MATERIAL NEEDS FOR HYDROCARBON FUEL PROCESSING: Generating Hydrogen for the PEM Fuel Cell (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 33 (2003), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The hydrogen economy is fast approaching as petroleum reserves are rapidly consumed. The fuel cell promises to deliver clean and efficient power by combining hydrogen and oxygen in a simple electrochemical device that directly converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Hydrogen, the most plentiful element available, can be extracted from water by electrolysis. One can imagine capturing energy from the sun and wind and/or from the depths of the earth to provide the necessary power for electrolysis. Alternative energy sources such as these are the promise for the future, but for now they are not feasible for power needs across the globe. A transitional solution is required to convert certain hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen. These fuels must be available through existing infrastructures such as the natural gas pipeline. The present review discusses the catalyst and adsorbent technologies under development for the extraction of hydrogen from natural gas to meet the requirements for the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The primary market is for residential applications, where pipeline natural gas will be the source of H2 used to power the home. Other applications including the reforming of methanol for portable power applications such as laptop computers, cellular phones, and personnel digital equipment are also discussed. Processing natural gas containing sulfur requires many materials, for example, adsorbents for desulfurization, and heterogeneous catalysts for reforming (either autothermal or steam reforming) water gas shift, preferential oxidation of CO, and anode tail gas combustion. All these technologies are discussed for natural gas and to a limited extent for reforming methanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022802.091348
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CALCIUM PUMP (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 445-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Active transport of cations is achieved by a large family of ATP-dependent ion pumps, known as P-type ATPases. Various members of this family have been targets of structural and functional investigations for over four decades. Recently, atomic structures have been determined for Ca2+-ATPase by X-ray crystallography, which not only reveal the architecture of these molecules but also offer the opportunity to understand the structural mechanisms by which the energy of ATP is coupled to calcium transport across the membrane. This energy coupling is accomplished by large-scale conformational changes. The transmembrane domain undergoes plastic deformations under the influence of calcium binding at the transport site. Cytoplasmic domains undergo dramatic rigid-body movements that deliver substrates to the catalytic site and that establish new domain interfaces. By comparing various structures and correlating functional data, we can now begin to associate the chemical changes constituting the reaction cycle with structural changes in these domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142433
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPARATIVE SOCIAL BIOLOGY OF BASAL TAXA OF ANTS AND TERMITES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 48 (2003), S. 283-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lacking a comprehensive fossil record, solitary representatives of the taxa, and/or a definitive phylogeny of closely related insects, comparison of the life history and social biology of basal, living groups is one of the few available options for developing inferences regarding the early eusocial evolution of ants and termites. Comparisons of a select group of basal formicid and isopteran taxa suggest that the reproductive organization of colonies and their patterns of division of labor were particularly influenced, in both groups, by nesting and feeding ecology. Opportunities for serial inheritance of the nest structure and colony population by kin may have been significant in the evolution of multiple reproductive forms and options. Disease has been a significant factor in the evolution of social organization in ants and termites, but the adaptive mechanisms of infection control differ. Evaluations of the convergent and divergent social biology of the two taxa can generate novel domains of research and testable hypotheses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112611
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